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1.
H P Klein D L DeVincenzi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(3):151-156
Of all the other planets in the solar system, Mars remains the most promising for further elucidating concepts about chemical evolution and the origin of life. Strategies were developed to pursue three exobiological objectives for Mars exploration: determining the abundance and distribution of the biogenic elements and organic compounds, detecting evidence of an ancient biota on Mars, and determining whether indigenous organisms exist anywhere on the planet. The three strategies are quite similar and, in fact, share the same sequence of phases. In the first phase, each requires global reconnaissance and remote sensing by orbiters to select sites of interest for detailed in situ analyses. In the second phase, lander missions are conducted to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the selected sites. The third phase involves conducting "critical" experiments at sites whose properties make them particularly attractive for exobiology. These critical experiments would include, for example, identification of organics, detection of fossils, and detection of extant life. The fourth phase is the detailed analysis of samples returned from these sites in Earth-based laboratories to confirm and extend previous discoveries. Finally, in the fifth phase, human exploration is needed to establish the geological settings for the earlier findings or to discover and explore sites that are not accessible to robotic spacecraft. 相似文献
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K Dose A Bieger-Dose R Dillmann M Gill O Kerz A Klein C Stridde 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(12):51-60
The response of spores of Bacillus subtilis, cells of Deinococcus radiodurans and conidia of Aspergillus ochraceus to actual and simulated space conditions (UV in combination with long-term exposure to extremely dry conditions, including vacuum) has been studied: The following effects have been analyzed: decrease of viability, occurrence of DNA double strand breaks, formation of DNA-protein cross-links and DNA-DNA cross-links. All organisms show an increased sensitivity to UV light in extreme dryness (dry argon or vacuum) compared to an irradiation in aqueous suspension. The UV irradiation leads in all cases to a variety of DNA lesions. Very conspicuous is the occurrence of double strand breaks. Most of these double strand breaks are produced by incomplete repair of other lesions, especially base damages. The increase in DNA lesions can be correlated to the loss in viability. The specific response of the chromosomal DNA to UV irradiation in extreme dryness, however, varies from species to species and depends on the state of dehydration. The formation of DNA double strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links prevails in the case of B. subtilis spores. In cells of Deinococcus radiodurans DNA-DNA cross-links often predominate, in conidia of Aspergillus ochraceus double strand breaks. The results obtained by direct exposure to space conditions (EURECA mission and D2 mission) largely agree with the laboratory data. 相似文献
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飞机整体结构件加工变形的有限元模拟与试验研究 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
在模拟淬火、拉伸过程获得含有初始残余应力的预拉伸板材以及模拟单齿切削过程获得切削载荷的基础上,提出并采用接力算法,对一航空整体结构件的材料铣削过程进行有限元仿真,同时进行了试验研究.结果表明,有限元模拟的整体结构件的变形与试验具有一致性,从而证明提出的整体结构件加工仿真关键技术的可行性,避免了为研究加工变形而进行的繁琐的试错法. 相似文献
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残余应力对加工变形影响的分析与模拟 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了研究材料去除过程中残余应力的重新分布及该过程所引起的工件变形,假设在该过程中没有引入另外的应力,采用理论计算和有限元模拟的方法对含有已知单向应力情况的矩形板进行了求解,计算了在剥层过程中的曲率、挠度和残余应力,并分析了剩余部分的残余应力变化趋势。结果表明理论解与有限元解获得了极好的吻合。采用有限元法进一步研究了材料去除过程中,单向和双向残余应力对加工变形的影响以及最终残余应力分布规律的异同。 相似文献
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基于水滴撞击特性研究的拉格朗日方法,提出了适合于考察非定常情况的粒子统计法.通过统计非定常流场中不同时刻撞击在防冰表面上不同区域的粒子数,获得防冰表面上粒子浓度分布随时间的变化情况,与基于染色法水滴撞击试验获得的色度分布具有直接对应关系;采用基于染色法的动态图像测量方法对某型发动机帽罩缩比模型开展了水滴撞击特性试验,对所提粒子统计法进行了验证.基于拉格朗日方法的粒子统计法获得的计算结果与试验结果符合较好,与采用拉格朗日轨迹法获得的结果具有较好的一致性.粒子统计法所模拟的物理过程与试验过程一致,在处理湍流随机性和来流液态水含量分布不均等方面具有优势. 相似文献