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Whedon GD Lutwak L Reid J Rambaut P Whittle M Smith M Leach C 《Acta Astronautica》1975,2(3-4):297-309
Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures. 相似文献
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Summons RE Amend JP Bish D Buick R Cody GD Des Marais DJ Dromart G Eigenbrode JL Knoll AH Sumner DY 《Astrobiology》2011,11(2):157-181
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) has an instrument package capable of making measurements of past and present environmental conditions. The data generated may tell us if Mars is, or ever was, able to support life. However, the knowledge of Mars' past history and the geological processes most likely to preserve a record of that history remain sparse and, in some instances, ambiguous. Physical, chemical, and geological processes relevant to biosignature preservation on Earth, especially under conditions early in its history when microbial life predominated, are also imperfectly known. Here, we present the report of a working group chartered by the Co-Chairs of NASA's MSL Project Science Group, John P. Grotzinger and Michael A. Meyer, to review and evaluate potential for biosignature formation and preservation on Mars. Orbital images confirm that layered rocks achieved kilometer-scale thicknesses in some regions of ancient Mars. Clearly, interplays of sedimentation and erosional processes govern present-day exposures, and our understanding of these processes is incomplete. MSL can document and evaluate patterns of stratigraphic development as well as the sources of layered materials and their subsequent diagenesis. It can also document other potential biosignature repositories such as hydrothermal environments. These capabilities offer an unprecedented opportunity to decipher key aspects of the environmental evolution of Mars' early surface and aspects of the diagenetic processes that have operated since that time. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, we identified the following classes of biosignatures as within the MSL detection window: organism morphologies (cells, body fossils, casts), biofabrics (including microbial mats), diagnostic organic molecules, isotopic signatures, evidence of biomineralization and bioalteration, spatial patterns in chemistry, and biogenic gases. Of these, biogenic organic molecules and biogenic atmospheric gases are considered the most definitive and most readily detectable by MSL. 相似文献
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纹波电流对消技术将等于或相反的正常变换器纹波电流的AC电流注入变换器输出电压母线。理想的输出纹波电流为零,结果能产生超低噪声变换器输出电压。电路几乎不需要其他元件,也不需要有源电路。只需附加一个滤波感应绕组、一个辅助电感器和一个小电容器。电路把改进型滤波电感器的泄漏电感用作全部或一部分所要求的辅助电感。纹波对消与转换频率、占空比和其他变换器参数无关。电路消除了连续传导模式和断续传导模式时的纹波电流。试验结果表明,纹波电流值降低了80X以上。 相似文献
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为了评估９４ＧＨｚ雷达在全杂波背景中自动检测目标的作用,本文阐述了进行了硬件和系统研制情况,已研制了几种用于野外试验的地基和机载测量雷达。这些系统的复杂性从简单,固态的碰撞雪崩渡越时间（ＩＭＰＡＴＴ）发射机／耿氏组件向具有扫描天线,双接收机和频率捷变的高功率脉冲雷达变化。人们感兴趣的雷达是由低空（３０～６０米）飞行的高速军事飞行器所运载的,且能高概率探测和辨别３公里处活动武装目标群的那种雷达。 相似文献
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本文从当今机械扫描天线到电子扫描相控阵以及共形“智能蒙皮”的角度,探讨了机载雷达的可能发展趋势,阐明了电子扫描相控阵的运行优点,概述了未来综合射频(RF)传感器的概念,提出了实现这一概念的多项关键技术。 相似文献
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描述了一种用于在恶劣天气情况下辅助飞机着陆的视景合成系统（ＳＶＳ），该系统由一个扫描毫米波雷达，平显和实时信号处理硬件组成，采用一套快速处理算法来增强和显示图像。该系统已在实际的恶劣天气情况进行了大量的高塔与飞行演示验证。此项工作的重要性在于它验证了系统的整体概念和信号处理算法的新颖性。 相似文献
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