微型加工的硅加速度计B—290

加速度计Ｂ－２９０是应用在姿态与航向基准系统中新一代的惯性级敏感器。Ｂ－２９０敏感器是用微机械加工方法进行设计和生产的，它应用平板印刷术，化学汽化沉积法，异向性刨刻法、金属溅蚀法硅－硅粘接法。所用的主要设备和电子芯片的生产相类似。它包括粘接在一起的五个硅板，整个处理过程是在一个晶片组件上加工１４０个敏感器。     

Skylab experiment M-092: results of the first manned mission

Blood pressure at 30-sec intervals, heart rate, and percentage increase in leg volume continuously were recorded during a 25-min protocol in the M092 Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) experiment carried out in the first manned Skylab mission. These data were collected during six tests on each crewman over a 5-month preflight period. The protocol consisted of a 5-min resting control period, 1 min at -8, 1 min at -16, 3 min at -30, 5 min at -40, and 5 min at -50 mm Hg LBNP. A 5-min recovery period followed. Inflight tests were performed at approximately 3-day intervals through the 28-day mission. Individual variations in cardiovascular responses to LBNP during the preflight period continued to be demonstrated in the inflight tests. Measurements of the calf indicated that a large volume of fluid was shifted out of the legs early in the flight and that a slower decrease in leg volume, presumably due to loss of muscle tissue, continued throughout the flight. Resting heart rates tended to be low early in the flight and to increase slightly as the flight progressed. Resting blood pressure varied but usually was characterized by slightly elevated systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic pressure, and higher pulse pressures than during preflight examinations. During LBNP inflight a much greater increase in leg volume occurred than in preflight tests. Large increases occurred even at the smallest levels of negative pressure, suggesting that the veins of the legs were relatively empty at the beginning of the LBNP. The greater volume of blood pooled in the legs was associated with greater increases of heart rate and diastolic pressure and larger falls of systolic and pulse pressure than seen in preflight tests. The LBNP protocol represented a greater stress inflight, and on three occasions it was necessary to stop the test early because of impending syncopal reactions. LBNP responses inflight appeared to predict the degree of postflight orthostatic intolerance. Postflight responses to LBNP during the first 48 hours were characterized by marked elevations of heart rate and instability of blood pressure. In addition, systolic and diastolic pressures were typically elevated considerably both at rest and also during stress. The time required for cardiovascular responses to return to preflight levels was much slower than in the case of Apollo crewmen.     

Cognitive performance aboard the life and microgravity spacelab

The impact of microgravity and other stressors on cognitive performance need to be quantified before long duration space flights are planned or attempted since countermeasures may be required. Four astronauts completed 38 sessions of a 20-minute battery of six cognitive performance tests on a laptop computer. Twenty-four sessions were preflight, 9 sessions were in-orbit, and 5 sessions were postflight. Mathematical models of learning were fit to each subject's preflight data for each of 14 dependent variables. Assuming continued improvement, expected values were generated from the models for in-orbit comparison. Using single subject designs, two subjects showed statistically significant in-orbit effects. One subject was degraded in two tests, the other was degraded in one test and exceeded performance expectations in another. Other subjects showed no statistically significant effects on the tests. The factors causing the deterioration in the two subjects can not be determined without appropriate ground-based control groups.     

用在动态试验环境中的硅机械传感器

ＤＥＲＡ Ｆａｒｎｂｏｒｏｕｇｈ附属弹药装置与装配研究目前的主要目标是在保证装填器／发射器有效性的情况下改进一个典型的原理性离岸导弹附属弹药的充填度。武器的有效性研究指出实际上离岸导弹（ＳＯＭ）的可行有效载荷为八个５０ｋｇ的附属弹药。这些附属弹药将以两个一组的对称方式发射，对单个目标具有内部程序设定的能力，所以需要了解在发射期间作用在这些附属弹药上的冲击和加速度载荷，ＤＲＥＡ Ｍａｌｖｅｒｎ所进行     

用于稳定光电瞄准线的动调陀螺

商业市场中的动调陀螺（DTG）主要是作为一种低成本、小体积的双轴速率敏感器用在战术导弹上，且在这一领域被广泛应用。动调陀螺也适用于稳定光电瞄准线，尽管有关该领域的文献很少，初看起来，该陀螺似乎采用的是普遍应用于单轴积分陀螺中的相同的锁定回路技术，但不管怎样，它们还是存在很微妙但却很重要的差别，不注意这些差别可能会导致陀螺性能降低或失效，有关这些内容及DTG在瞄准稳定系统中应用的其它问题将被讨论，讨论内容也将包含工作原理，接口电路，锁定回路设计及光电系统中典型误差源分析。     

Social desirability bias in personality testing: implications for astronaut selection

The assessment of personality is recognized by space agencies as an approach to identify candidates likely to perform optimally during spaceflights. In the use of personality scales for selection, the impact of social desirability (SD) has been cited as a concern. Study 1 addressed the impact of SD on responses to the Personality Characteristic Inventory(PCI) and NEO-FFI. This was achieved by contrasting scores from active astronauts (N=65) with scores of successful astronaut applicants (N=63), and between pilots applicants (N=1271) and pilot research subjects (N=120). Secondly, personality scores were correlated with scores on the Marlow Crown Social Desirability Scale among applicants to managerial positions (N=120). The results indicated that SD inflated scores on PCI scales assessing negative interpersonal characteristics, and impacted on four of five scales in NEO-FFI. Still, the effect sizes were small or moderate. Study 2 addressed performance implications of SD during an assessment of males applying to work as rescue personnel operations in the North Sea (N=22). The results showed that SD correlated negatively with cognitive test performance, and positively with discrepancy in performance ratings between self and two observers. In conclusion, caution is needed in interpreting personality scores in applicant populations. SD maybe a negative predictor for performance under stress.     

用于军事系统的GPS／INS技术发展趋势

本文重点探讨的是军用平台与武器上的惯性敏感器、ＧＰＳ精度和考虑干扰问题的组合ＧＰＳ／ＩＮＳ系统及在未来可形成１ｍ精度的全球导航系统的技术发展趋势。对于惯性敏感器,将介绍适用于军用系统的、决定发展方向的敏感器技术,它们是：光纤陀螺、硅微机械陀螺、谐振梁和加速度计及硅微机械加速度。本文钭对未来几十年内用于军事领域内的惯性仪表及惯性系统作一展望。将描述标定的ＧＰＳ及观测精度,以及各个阶段的ＷＡＧＥ方法、     

我国通用航空应急管理体系构建

低空空域开放是助力我国通用航空迅速发展的重大战略性举措,同时将对通用航空在作业过程中的应急管理带来挑战。文章给出通用航空突发事件的定义,对引起通用航空突发事件的致灾因素从通用航空器、通用航空作业环境、通用航空服务保障情况做一分析。阐述了通用航空应急管理的定义。最后提出了基于应急管理平台的通用航空应急管理体系。