透射式水工质的高耦合效率激光推进模式

为了提高激光推进的耦合效率,防止光学器件污染,提出了透射式液体工质的激光推进模式。在这种推进模式中,Nd:YAG固体激光器中产生的450 mJ,7 ns激光穿过透明的玻璃基底后,与燃烧室中的液体推进剂相互作用,产生的等离子体在玻璃基底、燃烧室和液体推进剂的约束下膨胀,产生很高效率的动量转换,使靶获得初速度。纯水和黑墨水分别被用作推进剂,通过比较实验结果发现,在这种模式中墨水比水更适合做推进剂。通过改变燃烧室的长度和孔径,得到的耦合系数的最大值为17 858.3 N/MW。     

刷式密封临界承压能力流固耦合数值研究

采用以泄漏因子与有效间隙作为刷式密封临界承压能力的评价指标,基于ALE(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler)流固耦合方法建立刷式密封三维瞬态求解模型,分析三种不同结构的刷式密封模型在不同压差下的刷丝变形,研究临界承压能力对刷丝变形的影响。研究结果表明：随着上下游压差的增加,泄漏因子与有效间隙的值趋于稳定时的压差范围即为刷式密封的临界承压能力。所研究的基本型刷式密封临界承压能力为0.25～0.30 MPa,后挡板保护高度降低0.5 mm的刷式密封和轴向增加5排刷丝的刷式密封临界承压能力相对于基本型增加了16.7%～20.0%,降低后挡板保护高度和增加刷丝轴向排数可以提高刷式密封临界承压能力。随着上下游压差的增加,刷丝轴向最大变形量先增加,在上下游压差达到刷式密封临界承压能力时,刷丝之间间隙被压缩至接近最小,刷丝轴向最大变形量达到稳定。该研究成果为刷式密封的结构设计提供理论依据。     

Eye light flashes on the Mir space station

The phenomenon of light flashes (LF) in eyes for people in space has been investigated onboard Mir. Data on particles hitting the eye have been collected with the SilEye detectors, and correlated with human observations. It is found that a nucleus in the radiation environment of Mir has roughly a 1% probability to cause an LF, whereas the proton probability is almost three orders of magnitude less. As a function of LET, the LF probability increases above 10 keV/micrometer, reaching about 5% at around 50 keV/micrometer.     

Amino acids from ion-irradiated nitrile-containing ices

Solid CH(3)CN and solid H(2)O + CH(3)CN were ion irradiated near 10 K to initiate chemical reactions thought to occur in extraterrestrial ices. The infrared spectra of these samples after irradiation revealed the synthesis of new molecules. After the irradiated ices were warmed to remove volatiles, the resulting residual material was extracted and analyzed. Both unhydrolyzed and acid-hydrolyzed residues were examined by both liquid and gas chromatographic-mass spectral methods and found to contain a rich mixture of products. The unhydrolyzed samples showed HCN, NH(3), acetaldehyde (formed by reaction with background and atmospheric H(2)O), alkyamines, and numerous other compounds, but no amino acids. However, reaction products in hydrolyzed residues contained a suite of amino acids that included some found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Equal amounts of D- and L-enantiomers were found for each chiral amino acid detected. Extensive use was made of (13)C-labeled CH(3)CN to confirm amino acid identifications and discriminate against possible terrestrial contaminants. The results reported here show that ices exposed to cosmic rays can yield products that, after hydrolysis, form a set of primary amino acids equal in richness to those made by other methods, such as photochemistry.     

ISCAR刀具在航空发动机制造中的应用

针对航空零部件切割加工的特点,讨论了在航空发动机加工中ISCAR刀具的优化应用方案.     

基于VXI总线的自动测试系统

近年来提出和迅速发展的VXI总线，代表着自动测试领域的发展方向。本文分析了VXI总线的技术背景和内涵，讨论了开发和组建基于VXI总线的自动测试系统时值得注意的若干问题，并简要介绍了作者开发的一套基于VXI总线的虚拟仪器系统。     

The first cell membranes

Organic compounds are synthesized in the interstellar medium and can be delivered to planetary surfaces such as the early Earth, where they mix with endogenous species. Some of these compounds are amphiphilic, having polar and nonpolar groups on the same molecule. Amphiphilic compounds spontaneously self-assemble into more complex structures such as bimolecular layers, which in turn form closed membranous vesicles. The first forms of cellular life required self-assembled membranes that were likely to have been produced from amphiphilic compounds on the prebiotic Earth. Laboratory simulations show that such vesicles readily encapsulate functional macromolecules, including nucleic acids and polymerases. The goal of future investigations will be to fabricate artificial cells as models of the origin of life.     

复合材料的冲击吸能与动态黏弹特性

考察了玻璃纤维、炭纤维、芳纶和UHMWPE纤维复合材料(分别称为GFRP,CFRP,AFRP和DFRP)层板的低速冲击吸能,并采用高载动态热机械分析仪EPLEXOR500分析了其纤维复丝的动态黏弹性的载荷敏感性.结果表明:冲击吸能明显受纤维性能及层板破坏模式的影响,呈韧性破坏的AFRP和DFRP的冲击吸能明显高于呈脆性破坏的GFRP和CFRP.在动态热机械分析中,静载增大使得储能模量升高但损耗角正切减小,动载增大时正好相反,且在这些影响中有机纤维复丝动态黏弹性较无机纤维复丝表现出更显著的载荷敏感性和非线性.4种层板的吸能大小与其纤维复丝储能模量载荷敏感性的强弱以及损耗角正切大小的顺序相同:DFRP>AFRP>GFRP>CFRP,反映出材料宏观冲击性能与表征其微观结构特征的黏弹性能的相关性.      

直升机中减飞溅润滑流场分析与优化方法

为探究某型直升机中间减速器飞溅润滑油-气两相流分布与参数优化方法,首先基于计算流体力学（CFD）思想建立了中减飞溅润滑数值计算模型;采用多相流（VOF）及动网格等模型计算获得了机匣内部的油液分布与导油管的润滑油流量;分析了浸油深度和输入转速对齿面与轴承（通过导油管的润滑油流量体现）润滑效果的影响规律。然后在直升机中减传动试验台上开展试验,验证仿真的可行性。结果显示：建议的中减浸油深度为17~26 mm、输入转速为4 000~6 000 r/min;试验测得4个导油管的润滑油流量趋势与CFD仿真计算结果一致,且有一个导油管收集不到润滑油,说明该导油管的结构不合理。