Experimental investigations for parametric effects of dual synthetic jets on delaying stall of a thick airfoil

A promising strategy of synthetic jet arrays(SJA) control for NACA0021 airfoil in preventing flow separation and delaying stall is investigated. Through aerodynamic forces, flowfield and velocity profiles measurements, it indicates that the synthetic jet(SJ) could enlarge the mixing of the shear layer and then enhance the stability of boundary layer, resulting in scope reduction of the flow separation zone. Furthermore, the control effects of dual jet arrays positioned at 15%c(Actuator 1) and 40%c(Actuator 2) respectively are systematically investigated with different jet parameters, such as two typical relative phase angles and various incline angles of the jet. The jet closer to the leading edge of airfoil is more advantageous in delaying the stall of airfoil, and overall,the flow control performances of jet arrays are better than those of single actuator. At the angle of attack(Ao A) just approaching and larger than the stall Ao A, jet array with 180° phase difference could increase the lift coefficient more significantly and prevent flow separation. When momentum coefficient of the jet arrays is small, a larger jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective in improving the maximum lift coefficient of airfoil. With a larger momentum coefficient of jet array, a smaller jet angle of Actuator 2 is more effective.     

Large-eddy simulation of shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with and without SparkJet control

The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ‘‘Spark Jet" and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper.The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer.The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is20000.The detailed numerical approaches were presented.The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity.The numerical results including velocity profile,Reynolds stress profile,skin friction,and wall pressure were systematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements of the same flow condition.Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ‘‘Spark Jet" was conducted.The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment.Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer,making the boundary layer more resistant to flow separation.Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.     

Topological Studies of Three-dimensional Flows in a High Pressure Compressor Stator Blade Row without and with Boundary Layer Aspiration

This paper presents a numerical study of the flow topologies of three-dimensional (3D) flows in a high pressure compressor stator blade row without and with boundary layer aspiration on the hub wall. The stator blade is representative of the first stage operating under transonic inlet conditions and the blade design encourages development of highly complex 3D flows. The blade has a small tip clearance. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies show progressive increase of hub corner stall with the increase in incidence. Aspiration is implemented on the hub wall via a slot in the corner between the hub wall and the suction surface. The CFD studies show aspiration to be sensitive to the suction flow rate; lower rate leads to very complex flow structures and increased level of losses whereas higher rate renders aspiration effective for control of hub corner separation. The flow topologies are studied by trace of skin friction lines on the walls. The nature of flow can be explained by the topological rules of closed separation. Furthermore, a deeper analysis is done for a particular case with advanced criterion to test the non-degeneracy of critical points in the flow field.     

Turbulent boundary layer separation control using plasma actuator at Reynolds number 2000000

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of symmetrical plasma actuators on turbulent boundary layer separation control at high Reynolds number. Compared with the traditional control method of plasma actuator, the whole test model was made of aluminum and acted as a covered electrode of the symmetrical plasma actuator. The experimental study of plasma actuators' effect on surrounding air, a canonical zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary, was carried out using particle image velocimetry(PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) in the 0.75 m × 0.75 m low speed wind tunnel to reveal the symmetrical plasma actuator characterization in an external flow. A half model of wing-body configuration was experimentally investigated in the  3.2 m low speed wind tunnel with a six-component strain gauge balance and PIV. The results show that the turbulent boundary layer separation of wing can be obviously suppressed and the maximum lift coefficient is improved at high Reynolds number with the symmetrical plasma actuator. It turns out that the maximum lift coefficient increased by approximately 8.98% and the stall angle of attack was delayed by approximately 2° at Reynolds number2 ×10~6. The effective mechanism for the turbulent separation control by the symmetrical plasma actuators is to induce the vortex near the wing surface which could create the relatively largescale disturbance and promote momentum mixing between low speed flow and main flow regions.     

Vortex structures downstream a lobed nozzle/mixer

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the evolutions of unsteady vortex structures downstream a lobed mixer/nozzle.Anovel dual-plane stereoscopic PIVsystem was used to measure all 3-components of vorticity distributions to revealed both the large-scale streamwise vortices produced by the lobed mixer/nozzle and the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex structures generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities simultaneously and quantitatively for the first time.The instantaneous and the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions displayed quite different aspects about the evolutions of the unsteady vortex structures.While the ensemble-averaged vorticity distributions indicated the overall effect of the special geometry of the lobed nozzle/mixer on the enhanced mixing process,the instantaneous vorticity distributions elucidated many details about how the enhanced mixing process was conducted.In addition to quantitatively confirming conjectures of previous studies,further insight about the formation,evolution and interaction characteristics of the unsteady vortex structures downstream of the lobed mixer/nozzle were also uncovered quantitatively in the present study.      

ACTIVE CONTROL OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF LARGE DEFLECTION PLATES WITH PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The transient behavior of isotropic and homogeneous plates has been a subject of interest. The present investigation is concerned with the large deflection transient analysis and control of plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators under applied transverse loads. In this paper, the incremental finite element equations considering the geometric nonlinearity of piezoelectric smart structures are developed based on Total Lagrange approach by using the virtual velocity incremental variational principles. A four-node Mindlin plate element with reduced and selective integration is adopted. The resulting increment equations are solved by using Newmark's direct integration approach. Transient response of plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators subjected to transverse dynamic loading is investigated. The active damping is introduced on the plates by coupling a negative velocity feedback algorithm in a closed control loop. The numerical results show that piezoelectric actuators can produce significant damping and suppress transient vibration effectively. Finally, the effects of the number and locations of the piezoelectric actuators on the control system are also investigated.     

新型双出口合成射流激励器的流场特征研究

设计了一种新型双出口合成射流激励器,应用非接触粒子图像激光测速技术（PIV）,测试了激励器出口的流场特性,包括瞬态和时均流动结构。结果表明,相比常规合成射流激励器,新型激励器一侧出口呈现为明显抽吸作用,另一侧出口流动带有合成射流流场特征,在出口下游得到一股放大了的单方向射流。新型合成射流激励器单侧出口的抽吸作用,在常规激励器基础上形成新的流体＂微泵＂工作机制,不仅放大了合成射流能量大小,同时实现了不同区域内流体的＂定向输运＂,其外流场特性更加有利于边界层分离、射流矢量偏转等主动流动控制。     

活塞式合成射流技术及其应用研究

设计了活塞式合成射流激励器,研究了合成射流特性及其影响因素,并在高速风洞中开展了合成射流应用于空腔流场气动噪声抑制的试验研究。研究结果表明：合成射流激励器设计合理,能够得到较高速度的射流,正向射流速度极值约160m/s;合成射流频率与激励器激励频率一致;激励器频率、活塞行程以及射流出口形状等参数会对合成射流速度极值产生明显影响;合成射流速度对射流出口厚度变化不敏感;该方法对空腔流场气动噪声的抑制效果与马赫数关系密切,跨声速条件下,采用该方法进行流动控制能够改善空腔流场的气动声学环境,而超声速时该流动控制方法基本失效。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

等离子体合成射流的理论模型与重频激励特性

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)具有激励强度大、响应速度快等优点,在超声速流动控制领域应用前景广阔。鉴于此,基于传热学和气体动力学的相关理论,建立了考虑喉道内部气流惯性、腔体内外热交换以及吸气恢复阶段的PSJ全周期理论模型,实现了射流速度峰值时刻、吸气过程和振荡过程等关键特性的预测。基于该模型,分析了等离子体合成射流激励器的重复频率工作特点,研究了能量沉积、激励频率和射流孔径对于重频激励特性的影响。重频条件下,激励器存在过渡和稳定两种典型状态。过渡状态下,腔内平均温度不断升高、射流速度峰值逐渐增大。稳定状态下,腔内气体参数呈周期性变化。随着能量沉积和激励频率的增加,激励器腔体内壁温度、射流速度峰值和时均冲力均增加。受腔体材料耐温极限的制约,激励器存在安全工作的参数区间(SOA)。随着孔径的增加,SOA增大,但稳定工作状态下的射流速度峰值和射流持续时间减小。     

合成射流方向布局对S形进气道分离控制的效应

对合成射流控制一种S形进气道边界层分离进行了数值研究.选用狭缝出口的合成射流,详细讨论了展向和流向两种布局对控制效应的影响.结果显示:流向布局相对展向布局具有抗逆压梯度强、穿透深、控制效果持久等特点,在射流动量系数为1.62×10-3,特征频率等于1的工况下,其分离区长度缩减了38.39%.流向布局对S形进气道性能的提升也更显著,出口压力系数比无控制时提高158.91%,总压恢复系数提高0.71%,总压畸变指数降低56.75%.      

斜出口合成射流组流场特性PIV实验研究

提出了斜出口合成射流组的概念,应用PIV相位锁定技术对典型单缝、双缝和三缝斜出口合成射流组非定常流场结构进行了测试,并对出口间距比参数变化对斜出口合成射流组沿壁面的动量输运影响特性进行了探讨。结果表明：三缝斜出口合成射流组具有更强的沿壁面动量输运特性,具有更高的合成射流激励器能量利用效率。相邻射流出口间距比是影响斜出口合成射流组动量输运的重要参数,研究结果指出当间距比S/H＝3．0时,斜出口合成射流组具有较强的沿壁面动量输运特性。     

斜出口合成射流激励器S进气道分离流动控制

设计加工了单膜双腔式斜出口合成射流激励器,应用PSI DTC Initium压力扫描系统对斜出口合成射流激励器在S进气道主动流动控制中的应用进行了研究。结果表明：斜出口合成射流激励器能够抑制S进气道分离流动,提高出口总压恢复系数σ和降低畸变指数DC90,只需通过改变激励器的工作电压和频率,就可实现对S进气道内部流场的控制。在共振频率下,当来流速度V=80m/s,采用斜出口合成射流控制可使出口截面平均总压恢复系数增加0.37%,此时所耗合成射流能量仅为主流的0.24%。     

零净质量射流的数值模拟

对零净质量射流致动器的流场和有零净质量射流时翼型的绕流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了动网格与几何守恒率、边界条件、湍流模型对零净质量射流致动器流场计算的影响,分析了零净质量射流的速度幅值和驱动频率对翼型增升效果的影响.研究结果表明,在复杂计算中可以对能动部件的边界作赋值处理;随着射流速度幅值的增加,翼型的平均升力系数和阻力系数都要增加;射流频率对升力的影响呈非线性.     

近耦合鸭式布局鸭翼展向零质量射流控制技术实验研究

结合鸭式布局和机翼展向吹气的优点,采用鸭翼展向零质量射流间接涡控技术提高战斗机大迎角和过失速机动性能。其主要利用鸭翼涡与主翼涡之间的有利干扰,零质量射流直接增强鸭翼涡,同时间接增强主翼涡。本文利用低速风洞测力测压实验,研究展向零质量射流对近耦合鸭式布局增升影响规律。在不同雷诺数下,通过改变零质量射流的频率来揭示零质量射流与鸭式布局气动力之间的关系。本研究为新一代战斗机研制提供一定的技术储备。