直升机行星传动轮系故障诊断研究进展

行星传动轮系是直升机传动系统的核心部件,是直升机健康和使用监测系统(HUMS)重要的监测对象。直升机行星传动轮系具有结构复杂紧凑、组件繁多、工况瞬时多变以及使用环境恶劣等特点,导致直升机行星传动轮系振动信号污染严重、成分复杂,具有较强的非平稳性和耦合调制特征。另外复杂的故障模式、较少的故障样本,也都增加了直升机行星传动轮系故障诊断的难度。面对这些难题,研究人员在基于信号降噪与信号分离、时频分析与解耦解调、数学建模与模式识别的故障诊断技术上取得了丰硕的成果。面对仍然存在的一些亟待研究和解决的问题,提出了直升机行星传动轮系故障诊断技术的研究方向以及未来的发展趋势。     

Analysis of static loading for a helicopter tubular skid landing gear

We compare the results of analyzing the stress strain state for the tubular skid landing gear with regard for the physically and geometrically nonlinear scheme of deformation; the analysis is carried out by the finite element method and with the aid of a special beam-type design model. The analysis has been performed for a real helicopter design. The peculiarities of deforming the aircraft structures of the type under study are shown based on the comparison results.     

Verification of a mathematical model of dynamic loading in the quasistatic statement for a helicopter tubular skid landing gear by the results of drop tests

We present the results of verifying a mathematical model of dynamic loading of the helicopter skid landing gear with regard for two successive landing impacts. Also presented are the results of analyzing the interaction of springs in the course of drop tests.     

共轴式直升机全差动航向操纵的动态响应分析

运用经典的垂直飞行涡流理论及共轴双旋翼全差动操纵的结构特征，推导了共轴式双旋翼直升机垂直飞行的航向动力学方程。根据有关共轴双旋翼在悬停及垂直飞行状态时气动特性的理论和实验数据，得出了共轴双旋翼直升机垂直飞行航向动力学方程的解析式。某型共轴双旋翼直升机计算实例，所得结果与该型直升机飞行特性一致。     

Actuator fault diagnosis and severity identification of turbofan engines for steady-state and dynamic conditions

Actuator faults can be critical in turbofan engines as they can lead to stall,surge,loss of thrust and failure of speed control.Thus,fault diagnosis of gas turbine actuators has attracted considerable attention,from both academia and industry.However,the extensive literature that exists on this topic does not address identifying the severity of actuator faults and focuses mainly on actuator fault detection and isolation.In addition,previous studies of actuator fault identification have not dealt with multiple concurrent faults in real time,especially when these are accompanied by sudden failures under dynamic conditions.This study develops component-level models for fault identification in four typical actuators used in high-bypass ratio turbofan engines under both dynamic and steady-state conditions and these are then integrated with the engine performance model developed by the authors.The research results reported here present a novel method of quantifying actuator faults using dynamic effect compensation.The maximum error for each actuator is less than0.06%and 0.07%,with average computational time of less than 0.0058 s and 0.0086 s for steady-state and transient cases,respectively.These results confirm that the proposed method can accurately and efficiently identify concurrent actuator fault for an engine operating under either transient or steady-state conditions,even in the case of a sudden malfunction.The research results emonstrate the potential benefit to emergency response capabilities by introducing this method of monitoring the health of aero engines.     

直升机起落架转向与对中机构耐久性试验装置的研制及应用

针对新设计的直升机起落架转向与对中机构的可靠性及稳定性难于准确确定的难题,研制一套能够模拟起落架转向与对中机构工作环境的试验装置进行耐久性试验验证是唯一的方法和手段.介绍了直升机起落架转向与对中机构耐久性试验装置的设计依据、结构原理、系统组成及其在直升机型号研制中的应用情况.     

To an issue of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid landing gear for landing loading condition

The existing technique of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid type landing gear according to Airworthiness Standards [1] is analyzed and the results of comparing with design and experimental studies are presented. The main existing problems both in design simulation and the system of requirements to the conditions of rating the loads on the skid landing gear helicopter are identified. Also proposed are the techniques to increase safety of the helicopter emergency landing by refining the rating conditions of external loads at the design stage.     

Identification method for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom

A comprehensive method based on system identification theory for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom is developed. A fully parameterized rotor flapping equation for identification purpose is derived without using any theoretical model, so the confidence of the identified model is increased, and then the 6 degrees of freedom rigid body model is extended to 9 degrees of freedom high-order model. Bode sensitivity function is derived to increase the accuracy of frequency spectra calculation which influences the accuracy of model parameter identification. Then a frequency domain identification algorithm is established. Acceleration technique is developed furthermore to increase calculation efficiency, and the total identification time is reduced by more than 50% using this technique. A comprehensive two-step method is established for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification which increases the numerical stability of model identification compared with single step algorithm. Application of the developed method to identify the flight dynamics model of BO 105 helicopter based on flight test data is implemented. A comparative study between the high-order model and rigid body model is performed at last. The results show that the developed method can be used for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification with high accuracy as well as efficiency, and the advantage of identified high-order model is very obvious compared with low-order model.     

Contemporary approach to the design-systematic and experimental provision of autorotation landing safety for a helicopter with skid type landing gear

A new approach to the design-systematic provision of autorotation landing safety for a helicopter with skid type landing gear is proposed. We analyzed the existing simulation techniques and experimental studies regarding this problem. The main existing problems both in design simulation and the system of systematic requirements to the conditions of rating the loads on the skid landing gear are identified. Also proposed are the most optimal solutions to overcome the existing systematic contradictions and increase safety of helicopter piloting at autorotation landing.     

舰载机着舰任务下的飞行员建模研究

为研究舰载机在下滑着舰时飞行员的操纵策略,建立了着舰任务下的双通道飞行员模型.以人工着舰时飞行员控制飞机进行轨迹跟踪为背景,以着舰时惯用的“反区”操纵技术为依据,确立了舰载机飞行员控制律,并对控制增益参数进行了自适应设计.最后结合F-18A舰载机,运用SIMILINK软件进行了仿真.结果表明,该模型能很好地反映着舰任务下的飞行员操纵特性,可为飞行员着舰操纵提供参考.     

横向裂纹对转子动力特性的影响

选取转子支承系统为研究对象，利用传递矩阵方法计算转子系统的动力特性，目的在于探求裂纹对转子动力特性的影响。计算结果表明：裂纹对转子的各种动力特性都有影响，但影响很小。这对于发动机的正常工作是非常有利的。但从故障检测方面考虑，若想通过振动特性的变化来检测裂纹故障是相当困难的。     

直升机旋翼黏弹阻尼器时域动力学建模与分析

建立一种适用于旋翼气动弹性分析的黏弹阻尼器模型,该模型考虑了黏弹材料本身的刚度非线性及激振力频率和幅值对黏弹阻尼器应力-应变关系的影响。通过引入新型几何非线性弹簧模块,根据需要调整模型的刚度变化规律,避免了现有黏弹阻尼器模型模拟不同类型材料时因刚度变化规律差异而需重新建模的缺陷,模型适应性强。模型采用多个内变量场,既能体现阻尼器幅变特性,也能准确反映多频激励下的黏弹性特性。以两种不同类型黏弹材料制造的黏弹阻尼器为研究对象,在旋翼黏弹阻尼器的典型工作幅值和频率范围内,进行了简谐实验。利用建立的旋翼黏弹阻尼器非线性时域动力学模型,计算不同类型黏弹材料制造的阻尼器在多种应变幅值、频率下的动态特性并与实验相比较,分析了黏弹阻尼器损耗模量、储能模量频变特性和双频激励对阻尼器的影响。结果表明,建立的非线性黏弹阻尼器动力学模型能够更好地反映不同类型黏弹材料构成的黏弹阻尼器的动刚度和阻尼,适合于直升机旋翼载荷计算和气动弹性分析。     

Multi-signal flow graphs: a novel approach for system testabilityanalysis and fault diagnosis

In this paper, we present a comprehensive methodology for a formal, but intuitive, cause-effect dependency modeling using multi-signal directed graphs that correspond closely to hierarchical system schematics and develop diagnostic strategies to isolate faults in the shortest possible time without making the unrealistic single fault assumption. A key feature of our methodology is that our models lend naturally to real-world necessities, such as system integration and hierarchical troubleshooting     

Satellite fault diagnosis using a bank of interacting Kalman filters

The main objective of this work is development and testing of a detection, isolation, and diagnosis algorithm based on interacting multiple model (IMM) filters for both partial (soft) and total (hard) reaction wheels faults in a spacecraft. This is shown to be accomplished under a number of different faulty mode scenarios for these actuators associated with the attitude control system (ACS) of a satellite. Various operating and faulty conditions due to changes and anomalies in the temperature, the power supply line voltage, and the loss of effectiveness of the torque and the current are considered in each reaction wheel associated with the three axes of the satellite. Once a fault mode is detected and isolated the recovery procedure can subsequently be engaged by invoking appropriate switching control strategies for the ACS. The application of a bank of interacting multiple Kalman filters for detection and diagnosis of anticipated reaction wheel failures in the ACS is described and developed. Compared with other model-based fault detection, diagnosis and isolation(FDDI) strategies developed in the control systems literature, our FDDI strategy is shown, through extensive numerical simulations, to be more accurate and robust with potential for extension to a number of other application areas.     

涡轴发动机单元体性能分析与故障诊断方法

介绍了某发动机监测参数的选择与监视方法,运用故障因子概念建立了单元体故障诊断模型,利用实际试车数据对诊断模型进行了验证.结果表明诊断模型可信,诊断结论与实际情况相一致.     

EMD和SVM在刀具故障诊断中的应用

与传统方法相比,声发射传感器在刀具故障诊断方面有很大的优势。将声发射传感器应用于刀具切削过程中,提出了基于经验模态分解（EMD）和支持向量机（SVM）的刀具故障诊断方法。该方法首先对标准化的声发射信号进行经验模态分解,将分解后的有限个固有模态函数（IMF）通过一定的削减算法增强故障类型特征,把每个IMF和残余项的能量以及整个信号的削减比作为特征向量,最后将特征向量输入支持向量机进行训练和测试,判断刀具的故障类型。通过对某一刀具的故障诊断结果进行分析,验证了该方法的实用性和有效性。     

航空发动机点火组件故障诊断系统设计

航空发动机点火组件是发动机的核心部分,该组件设计的合理性及其工作的可靠性直接关系到发动机的工作状况,进行航空发动极点火组件故障诊断研究,对保障飞机点火组件的正常运行、提高飞机的安全性和持续适航性具有十分重要的意义.以航空发动机点火组件为研究对象,以航空发动机点火组件不同类型故障下产生的二次电压波形为基础,建立相应的故障特征库,设计基于图形匹配的航空发动机点火组件故障诊断系统.该系统能够采集点火电压波形及相应特征参数,将待检测波形与故障特征库中典型波形进行对比,得出相应故障类型.     

Simulation of a complex system for low helicopter airspeed measurement

The special features of construction, a model and the results of simulating an aeromechanical system for calculation of true helicopter airspeed vector components are considered; the system is based on the solution of equations for an “immobile” helicopter with the use of the Luenberger observer. It is proposed that the aeromechanical system be integrated with the system for measuring low helicopter airspeed on the basis of a stationary multichannel aerometric transducer.     

小波包分析在内燃机车静液压齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

本文简述了小波变换的基本原理及利用小波包对振动信号进行分解的方法。小波分析良好的时频局部化性质，适于检测正常信号中夹带的瞬态反常现象并展示其成分，这在旋转机械状态监侧及早期故障诊断中具有重要意义。本文给出利用小波包分析在内燃机车静液压齿轮箱故障诊断中提取微弱轴承冲击故障特征的实例。     

A starting system for measuring low airspeeds of a single-rotor helicopter

We consider the peculiarities of constructing and the algorithms of primary information processing for a starting system of measuring the value and direction of the wind velocity vector during parking, in moving and maneuvering on the ground surface. Also the components of the true airspeed vector at the takeoff/landing and hovering regimes are considered.