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由于缺少磁场和大气,宇宙线高能粒子轰击月壤可以形成月球特有的强中子辐射环境,并对航天员和电子设备造成潜在威胁。文章采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真研究宇宙线高能粒子辐射与月壤成分核反应产生的次级中子能谱特征,给出不同太阳活动、不同月壤深度下月球中子能谱特征和空间分布特征。仿真结果表明,宇宙线高能粒子导致的次级中子随着月壤深度的增加先增大后减小,大约在1 m深度达到最大值,深度越深银河宇宙线诱发的中子贡献越大。相关结果可为我国后续载人月球探测任务的辐射防护设计提供参考。 相似文献
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针对空间不连续工作的典型星载光学遥感器的结构和光学系统,进行抗辐射薄弱环节与总剂量效应的仿真分析计算,提出在遥感器入光口遮光罩处增加防护盖以降低光学系统中辐射吸收剂量预示最大位置处的吸收剂量,并对防护盖的具体参数进行仿真优化设计。研究表明:光学系统各光学部件所在位置辐射吸收剂量处于不均匀状态,接收地物信息的第一镜体处的预示值最大;安装防护盖后,可大幅降低该处的辐射吸收剂量,使之与其他部位的吸收剂量处于同一量级水平;防护盖的实施参数以厚度1~3 mm、距离入光口遮光罩端部小于20 mm为最佳。文章最后描述了防护盖设计方法的通用性,给出了防护盖的适用技术条件。 相似文献
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模拟载人探月中航天员空间辐射风险评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
空间辐射是长期载人航天飞行任务中影响航天员健康的重要风险因素。为了探求载人探月过程中对空间辐射的合理防护方式,文章借助空间辐射场模型对"嫦娥三号"飞行任务在不同质量厚度材料屏蔽下的舱内空间辐射环境进行了仿真计算,并确定了航天员各器官接受的空间辐射剂量、剂量当量以及有效剂量等辐射防护量以进行辐射风险评估。结果表明,随着屏蔽厚度的增加,航天员的各组织或器官的吸收剂量和剂量当量以及有效剂量均明显降低;采用质量屏蔽的方法对低于100 Me V的质子具有很好的防护效果,但对高能质子或重离子的防护效果不明显。计算和分析显示,载人探月过程中,只要采取适当的防护措施,航天员的空间辐射风险是可控的。 相似文献
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介绍了利用有限元计算方法来优化 KM6载人试验舱隔板的结构。通过优化计算,减轻了载人试验舱隔板的质量,取得了良好的效果。 相似文献
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粒子侵蚀潜入喷管端头的质量损失率计算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
粒子侵蚀对潜入式喷管端头的影响非常明显,已引起了喷管设计人员的关注。本文介绍了粒子侵蚀喷管的烧蚀计算。分析与计算结果表明,对喷管潜入段端头区主要是粒子侵蚀(即机械剥蚀)造成的质量损失,热化学烧蚀仅占总损失量的25%左右。喉道区及扩散段,则为热化学烧蚀。计算结果表明:粒子侵蚀引起的质量损失与粒子速度、粒子半径、粒子冲角有关。粒子半径越大,造成的质量损失越大,粒子冲角越大,造成的质量损失也越大,而冲角的影响作用更明显。对有粒子侵蚀时典型喷管的烧蚀计算结果与试验测量结果比较表明,用本文提供的方法所得到的理论计算值与试验测量值符合较好,能满足工程设计的需要。 相似文献
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A. N. Denisov N. V. Kuznetsov R. A. Nymmik M. I. Panasyuk N. M. Sobolevskii 《Cosmic Research》2010,48(6):509-516
In connection with projects of manned bases on the Moon it becomes topical to estimate radiation danger for their inhabitants.
In this paper we describe a method of evaluation of the radiation environment on the lunar surface produced by galactic and
solar cosmic rays. The roles of both primary and secondary radiations generated in the depth of the lunar soil under the action
of high-energy protons and nuclei are taken into account. Calculated fluxes of particles are used in order to estimate annual
averaged absorbed and equivalent local dose rates in tissues. It is established that in the lunar rock the contribution of
secondary neutrons to the dose rate exceeds that of protons. The contribution of the secondary particles generated by nuclei
of galactic cosmic rays to the dose rate is estimated. 相似文献
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A.N. Denisov N.V. Kuznetsov R.A. Nymmik M.I. Panasyuk N.M. Sobolevsky 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(9-10):1440-1447
In connection with projects on a manned base on the Moon, the assessment of radiation risk to staff of the base owing to galactic (GCR) and solar (SEP) cosmic radiation becomes very relevant. The paper describes the methodology for assessing the radiation environment on the lunar surface and in the depths of lunar soil taking into account the primary and secondary radiation caused by protons and nuclei of GCR and SEP. Calculated fluencies of particles are used to estimate the average annual absorbed and equivalent local doses in tissue. Contribution to the dose of secondary neutrons at depths of lunar soil exceeds the contribution of protons. Contribution to the dose of secondary particles generated by GCR nuclei should be taken into account. 相似文献
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This work is devoted to studying the processes of the acceleration of plasma particles in thin current sheets that appear during magnetospheric substorms in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail. A numerical model of magnetic dipolarization accompanied by plasma turbulence has been constructed and studied. The model allows one to investigate the particle acceleration due to the action of three principal mechanisms: (1) plasma turbulence; (2) magnetic dipolarization; (3) their simultaneous action. For the given velocity kappa-distributions, we obtained energy spectra of three types of accelerated particles, i.e., protons p+, ions of oxygen O+, and electrons e–. It has been shown that the combined mechanism of dipolarization with turbulence (3) makes the largest contribution to the increase in the energy of protons and heavy ions as compared with a separate action of each of mechanisms (1) and (2); in this case, electrons accelerate less. The consideration of the joint action of acceleration mechanisms (1) and (2) can explain the apparition of particles with energies on the order of magnitude equal to hundreds keV in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail. 相似文献
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Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a significant hazard to both manned and robotic missions. For long human missions on the lunar surface (months to a year) a radiation shelter is needed for dose mitigation and emergency protection in case of solar events. This paper investigates the interaction of source protons of solar events like those of February 1956 that emitted many fewer particles with energies up to 1000 MeV and of the October 1989 event of lower protons energy but higher fluence, with the lunar regolith and aluminum shielding of a lunar shelter. The shelter is 5 m in diameter and has a footprint of 5×8 m and a 10 cm thick aluminum support structure, however, actual thickness could be much smaller (~1–2 cm) depending on the weight of the regolith shielding piled on top. The regolith is shown to be slightly more effective than aluminum. Thus, the current results are still applicable for a thinner aluminum structure and increased equivalent (or same mass) thickness of the regolith. The shielding thicknesses to reduce the dose solely due to solar protons in the lunar shelter below those recommended by NASA to astronauts for 30 day-operation in space (250 mSv) and for radiation workers (50 mSv) are determined and compared. The relative attenuation of incident solar protons with regolith shielding and the dose estimates inside the shelter are calculated for center seeking, planar, and isotropic incidence of the source protons. With the center seeking incidence, the dose estimates are the highest, followed by those with isotropic incidence, and the lowest are those with the planar incidence. 相似文献
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Accurate estimations of the health risks to astronauts due to space radiation exposure are necessary for future lunar and Mars missions. Space radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs), comprised largely of medium energy protons (less than several hundred MeV); and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which include high-energy protons and heavy ions. While the frequency distribution of SPEs depends strongly upon the phase within the solar activity cycle, the individual SPE occurrences themselves are random in nature. A solar modulation model has been developed for the temporal characterization of the GCR environment, which is represented by the deceleration potential, ?. The risk of radiation exposure to astronauts as well as to hardware from SPEs during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) or in lightly shielded vehicles is a major concern for radiation protection. To support the probabilistic risk assessment for EVAs, which could be up to 15% of crew time2 on lunar missions, we estimated the probability of SPE occurrence as a function of solar cycle phase using a non-homogeneous Poisson model [1] to fit the historical database of measurements of protons with energy>30 MeV, Φ30. The resultant organ doses and dose equivalents, as well as effective whole body doses, for acute and cancer risk estimations are analyzed for a conceptual habitat module and for a lunar rover during space missions of defined durations. This probabilistic approach to radiation risk assessment from SPE and GCR is in support of mission design and operational planning for future manned space exploration missions. 相似文献
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Low fluxes of protons with energies 0.3–10 MeV were studied during 21–23 solar cycles as a function of the MgII index using the data of the instruments CPME, EIS (IMP8), and EPHIN (SOHO). It has been shown that a) during quiet time of solar activity the fluxes of protons (background protons) have a positive
correlation with the MgII index value throughout the solar cycle, b) specific features of variations of the MgII index during the solar minima of 1986–1987 and 1996–1997 can be considered, as well as variations of background fluxes of
low energy charged particles, to be manifestations of the 22-year magnetic cycle of the Sun, and c) periods of the lowest
value of the MgII index are also characterized by the smaller values of the ratio of intensities of protons and helium nuclei than in other
quiet periods. A hypothesis is put forward that acceleration in a multitude of weak solar flares is one of the sources of
background fluxes of low energy particles in the interplanetary space. 相似文献
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We have made a generalization of experimental data on the fluxes of trapped protons that were detected by various instruments
on three low-orbit satellites (NOAA-17, Universitetskii-Tatiana, and CORONAS-F) during April of 2005. Based on these data, a new quantitative model is suggested to describe the fluxes of trapped protons.
It allows one, using analytical expressions, to predict the fluxes of protons with energy from 30 keV to 140 MeV under quiet
geomagnetic conditions in the period close to the solar activity minimum at drift shells L = 1.14–1.4. The suggested model establishes differential directional fluxes of protons as a function of pitchangle on the
geomagnetic equator and takes into account the anisotropy of trapped particles on the lower boundary of the Earth’s radiation
belt. 相似文献
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模拟地球同步轨道粒子辐照环境对若干航天器热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章是用开发的一个计算机数字计算的模型来计算粒子辐照下材料中的吸收能量剖面.文章介绍了航天器的热控涂层试验,用改变入射质子和电子能量的办法,模拟同步轨道辐射环境.通过对几种涂层(白漆、黑漆、二次表面镜等)分别进行3年和10年的轨道模拟环境试验,并在真空环境中和空气中测量其反射率的变化,确定了电子和质子对这些材料所产生的影响. 相似文献
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Kuznetsov N. V. Nymmik R. A. Panasyuk M. I. Sosnovets E. N. Teltsov M. V. 《Cosmic Research》2004,42(3):203-209
We consider cases of simultaneous detection of the absorbed doses produced by proton fluxes of powerful solar events onboard the Mir and ISS orbital stations and the Ekspress A3 geosynchronous satellite. Experimental data are analyzed using a software package that takes into account the energy spectra of protons at the Earth's orbit depending on the time of event evolution, as well as their penetration to near-earth orbits and through the protective shields of spacecraft. Based on a comparison of the experimental data of dosimeters with the calculation of absorbed doses under the action of solar proton events, we developed a method of estimating the effective thickness of the shielding of dosimeters and made some estimates. A possibility is considered for predicting the radiation hazard onboard orbital stations upon the appearance of solar proton events using dosimeter data from a geosynchronous orbit. 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during the EXPOSE-E mission in the European Technology Exposure Facility on the International Space Station's Columbus module. Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-E teams for use in their data analysis. Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter is a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar radiation in four channels and cosmic ionizing radiation as well. The main results of the present study include the following: (1) three different radiation sources were detected and quantified-galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner radiation belt, and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB); (2) the highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 426 μGy d(-1) came from SAA protons; (3) GCR delivered a much smaller daily absorbed dose rate of 91.1 μGy d(-1), and the ORB source delivered only 8.6 μGy d(-1). The analysis of the UV and temperature data is a subject of another article (Schuster et al., 2012 ). 相似文献