和差波束测角在电子侦察系统中的应用

和差波束测角精度由于只采用幅度校准精度限制,在电子侦察中一般仅用于反辐射导引头,在更通用的宽带电子侦察系统中则应用较少.首先介绍了和差波束测向的理论基础,然后设计仿真了四种不同的和差波束天线并分析其优缺点,最后针对对周天线进行微波暗室的角度测量.通过幅度相位联合校准机制,提升了测向精度,为该体制天线在通用电子侦察中应用...     

套筒天线组成的宽带干涉仪测向圆阵研究

为提高宽带干涉仪测向圆阵性能,首次提出了利用套筒天线代替常规加载宽带偶极子作为测向阵列单元.利用Fourier变换结合矩量法分析了套筒天线组成的测向圆阵的电磁特性,并利用HFSS软件对部分仿真结果进行了验证.在得出阵列电磁特性的基础上再运用基于空间距离的相关数据处理方法统计分析了测向圆阵性能.研究结果表明,相对于常规测向圆阵,由于套筒天线构成的测向圆阵增益高、消除了广义谐振现象,使测向圆阵的灵敏度、测向精度均得到较大提高.相应地模糊度减小、稳健性能增强.     

雷达侦察系统近场相位校正方法的实现

对采用多基线相位干涉仪进行测向定位的雷达侦察系统,分析在近场条件下进行相位一致性校正时引入的波程差,提出了近场条件下的相位校正方法.该方法可有效地消除或减小环境因素对雷达侦察系统相位校正和测向误差的影响,从而提高测向和定位精度.     

从角闪烁观点对被动测向中多径效应的讨论

多径效应是被动测向过程中客观存在的现象,基于其产生的物理机理可从角闪烁的观点出发来加以讨论。首先介绍了角闪烁的两种物理解释,其次对被动测向中的多径效应进行了一般的数学分析,说明了相应的统计模型,重点对低仰角时被动测向中的多径效应进行了特例分析,并进行了数字仿真。     

多径效应与低仰角跟踪

介绍多径效应产生的机理及对低仰角跟踪的影响。提出低仰角跟踪条件下 ,克服多径效应影响和改善天线跟踪平稳性的几种措施     

频域解模糊干涉仪测向方法

电子战作为现代战争中的重要组成部分,具有不可替代的作用。辐射源测向技术是电子战中的一个重要环节,对战场主动权的归属决定具有重要作用。常用的测向技术主要包括比幅、时差、干涉仪和多普勒等多种定位方式,其中干涉仪测向,因其工程实现简单、成熟且精度高的优势,在电子战中取得了广泛的应用。相对于传统干涉仪利用多基线、多观察角解模糊的方式,提出一种频域解相位模糊方法,挖掘信号内部的相位连续特性,利用固定基线-变化信号波长比的原理进行解相位模糊,简化了传统干涉仪设计与实现的复杂性。理论分析与仿真实验,证明了该方法具有较好的稳健性和测向能力,为解决传统干涉仪相位解模糊的问题提供了一种新思路。     

一种基于功率测量的相控阵天线校准方法

文章研究了一种基于功率测量的相控阵天线校准方法,该方法要求探头和被测天线固定,在移相器状态切换的条件下,利用测量探头接收的微波信号功率,测定出各单元初始激励的相对幅度和相对相位。由于不需要相位测量,可以保证测量稳定进行,尤其可以解决高频时相位测量精度问题。最后模拟了应用该方法对相控阵天线进行校准的全过程,模拟结果表明,该方法是正确有效的。     

装配校准对机械可动天线主反射器型面精度影响的研究

为保证卫星机械可动天线的电气性能要求,需要对其副反射器和馈源组件进行装配校准.副反射器装配校准对天线主反射器型面精度影响较大.本文采用有限元方法,对不同副反支杆的16种工况进行了分析,得出装配校准对主反射器型面精度值的影响.提出采用工装,在装配校准时直接粘接碳杆和金属接头的方法,减小甚至消除装配应力,使主反射器的型面精...     

幅相联合技术下导引装置测向性能仿真分析

在介绍了国外反辐射无人机导引装置幅相联合测向技术的基础上,分别就干涉仪、比幅法测向条件下导引装置测向性能进行了仿真分析。结果表明,导引装置采用干涉仪测向时精度较比幅法测向的精度高,但存在测向模糊;比幅法测向精度不高,但可以解除干涉仪测向产生的模糊。最后,分析给出了测角范围与目标雷达频率、测角误差与测量到达角的关系,得出了导引装置采用幅相联合测向的优势。     

两相干点源对干涉仪测向系统干扰效果分析

干涉仪由于可实现单脉冲测向,具有良好的抗单点有源干扰能力,但可通过实施两点源相干干扰来干扰其测向性能。首先介绍两点源对干涉仪实施相干干扰的基本原理,并对干扰效果进行数字仿真,详细分析了影响干扰效果的相关因素,最后对实施两点源相干干扰的限制条件进行了说明。     

An Investigation into Vertical Bias Effects

ABSTRACT

In three experiments, after exploring a virtual environment (VE), adult participants made spatial judgments about the location of target objects that were higher and lower than their perceived test location within the VE. In Experiment 1, the locations of the target objects were inferred from verbal instructions. The main results were a tendency to judge objects as closer to the horizontal plane than their true locations, and more efficient downward than upward judgments. Both effects generally accord with findings reported by Wilson et al. (2004a Wilson, P. N., Foreman, N., Stanton, D. and Duffy, H. 2004a. Memory for targets in a multilevel simulated environment: Evidence for vertical asymmetry in spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 32: 283–297. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 2004b Wilson, P. N., Foreman, N., Stanton, D. and Duffy, H. 2004b. Memory for targets in a multi-level simulated-environment: A comparison between able-bodied and physically disabled children. British Journal of Psychology, 95: 325–338.  [Google Scholar]). In Experiments 2 and 3, which were closely modeled on the design of the Wilson et al. studies, regression to the horizontal plane was noted but no downward bias was observed. A misperception in the viewing height between the floors and ceilings of the virtual rooms was apparent in both experiments. The results from the present study together with earlier investigations suggest different hierarchical encoding of between-axis and within-axis information.     

Similarities in Object and Event Segmentation: A Geometric Approach to Event Path Segmentation

Abstract

Events, like objects, can be decomposed into parts. Path, the spatiotemporal trajectory of an object during an event, is the most commonly labeled event feature across the world's languages, provides important social information, and is increasingly central to theories of general event segmentation. However, little is understood about how adults visually segment paths. We apply theories developed for object segmentation to help understand path segmentation. Overall subjects segmented equivalent object shapes and event paths in similar ways following patterns predicted by Singh and Hoffman's (2001) Singh, M. and Hoffman, D. D. 2001. “Parts-based representations of visual shape and implications for visual cognition.”. In From fragments to objects—Segmentation and grouping in vision Edited by: Shipley, T. F. and Kellman, P. J. 401–459. New York, NY: Elsevier Science..  [Google Scholar] geometric analysis of object parts. There were two notable differences between object and event segmentation: (1) event parsing occurred at points of negative curvature minima and positive curvature maxima as opposed to simply negative curvature minima; and (2) event parsing was more frequent and variable than object parsing. Implications of these results for event perception and categorization are discussed.     

Dual-Task Interference in Spatial Reorientation: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Factors

Abstract

Language has been proposed as a medium that serves to promote spatial orientation through integrating geometric and featural information (Spelke, 2003 Spelke, E. S. 2003. “What makes us smart? Core knowledge and natural language”. In Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought, Edited by: Gentner, D. and Goldin-Meadow, S. 277–312. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press..  [Google Scholar]). This proposal has been explored in dual-task experiments where linguistic resources are blocked by verbal shadowing. Although some studies report disruption in using environmental cues for spatial reorientation, findings have not been consistently replicated, and the source of disruption to reorientation by verbal shadowing remains unclear. We examined conditions under which verbal shadowing affects reorientation. Shadowing of meaningful language disrupted healthy adults' use of geometric and featural information to reorient only when task instructions were unclear and when extraneous visual information provided a source of nonlinguistic interference. Reorientation was examined during the shadowing of meaningful prose or nonword syllables and was similar under both concurrent task conditions. These results indicate that language is not necessary for spatial cue integration.     

Influences of Form and Function on the Acceptability of Projective Prepositions in Swedish

Abstract

Projective prepositions express the relation between two objects by referring to a direction in space and have traditionally been regarded as expressing purely geometric relations. Recent studies have shown that the appropriateness of English and Spanish projectives also depends on functional relations between objects. This study investigates if the acceptability of the Swedish projectives över, under, ovanför and nedanför are influenced by functional factors as well, and whether över and under are differentially influenced by function than ovanför and nedanför, as has been shown for their English cognates. It also investigates how the shape and parts of the related objects influence their functional interaction, and thereby the acceptability of the prepositions. This is done with respect to the predictions of the AVS-model, a model of the perceptual processes underlying the apprehension of projectives, which takes both the geometric and the functional relation between objects into account. It was found that acceptability judgments about the prepositions are influenced by function as their corresponding English and Spanish prepositions. The acceptability of över was more sensitive to function than ovanför, whereas under and nedanför were not differentially influenced by function, as has been shown for Spanish. It was further found that the shape and parts of both of the related objects influence acceptability regions associated with the prepositions in predictable ways, as functional interactions between objects largely depend on their parts. The results finally show that the AVS-model needs to be further developed in order to account for the form and function of the located object.     

Piloted operations at a near-Earth object (NEO)

In late 2006, NASA's Constellation Program sponsored a study to examine the feasibility of sending a piloted Orion spacecraft to a near-Earth object. NEOs are asteroids or comets that have perihelion distances less than or equal to 1.3 astronomical units, and can have orbits that cross that of the Earth. Therefore, the most suitable targets for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) are those NEOs in heliocentric orbits similar to Earth's (i.e. low inclination and low eccentricity). One of the significant advantages of this type of mission is that it strengthens and validates the foundational infrastructure of the United States Space Exploration Policy and is highly complementary to NASA's planned lunar sortie and outpost missions circa 2020. A human expedition to a NEO would not only underline the broad utility of the Orion CEV and Ares launch systems, but would also be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth–Moon system. These deep space operations will present unique challenges not present in lunar missions for the onboard crew, spacecraft systems, and mission control team. Executing several piloted NEO missions will enable NASA to gain crucial deep space operational experience, which will be necessary prerequisites for the eventual human missions to Mars.Our NEO team will present and discuss the following:

• new mission trajectories and concepts;

• operational command and control considerations;

• expected science, operational, resource utilization, and impact mitigation returns; and

• continued exploration momentum and future Mars exploration benefits.

CCISS,Vascular and BP Reg: Canadian space life science research on ISS

A comprehensive goal of the Canadian Space Agency studies (CCISS, Vascular and BP Reg) has been to investigate the efficacy of current exercise countermeasures to maintain cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health on return to Earth after up to 6-months in space. Results from the CCISS experiments revealed no significant change of in-flight heart rate during daily activities or sleep, and small, but variable between astronauts, post-flight elevation. The between astronaut differences were exaggerated during measurement of spontaneous baroreflex slope, which was reduced post-flight (P<0.05) during paced breathing with 3 astronauts having significant correlations between reduced baroreflex and reduced RR-interval (consistent with reduced fitness). Cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO₂ response were mildly impaired after flight. Some loss of in-flight fitness of astronauts in Vascular was reflected by the increase in HR at a work rate of 161±46 W of 12.3±10.5 bpm, 10.4±5.9 bpm and 13.4±5.7 bpm for early-flight, late-flight and R+1, respectively. On return to gravity, changes in resting heart rate for supine (5.9±3.5 bpm), sit (8.1±3.3 bpm) and stand (10.3±10.0 bpm) were small but variable between individuals (from −5 bpm to +20 bpm in post-flight standing) and not related to the change in exercise heart rate. In Vascular astronauts, pulse wave transit time measured to the finger tended to be reduced post-flight and carotid artery distensibility was significantly reduced (P=0.03, and n=6). The heart rate and baroreflex data suggest that some astronauts return with cardiovascular deconditioning in spite of the exercise regimes. However, greater arterial stiffness is common among all astronauts studied to date. The new CSA project, BP Reg, will monitor inflight blood pressure in an attempt to identify astronauts in greater need for countermeasures. Future research should focus on whether Vascular changes in astronauts might make them an appropriate model to study the mechanisms of arterial aging on Earth.     

Broad-search algorithms for the spacecraft trajectory design of Callisto–Ganymede–Io triple flyby sequences from 2024 to 2040, Part II: Lambert pathfinding and trajectory solutions

Triple-satellite-aided capture employs gravity-assist flybys of three of the Galilean moons of Jupiter in order to decrease the amount of ΔV$\mathrm{\Delta }V$ required to capture a spacecraft into Jupiter orbit. Similarly, triple flybys can be used within a Jupiter satellite tour to rapidly modify the orbital parameters of a Jovicentric orbit, or to increase the number of science flybys. In order to provide a nearly comprehensive search of the solution space of Callisto–Ganymede–Io triple flybys from 2024 to 2040, a third-order, Chebyshev's method variant of the p-iteration solution to Lambert's problem is paired with a second-order, Newton–Raphson method, time of flight iteration solution to the _V∞$V_{\infty }$-matching problem. The iterative solutions of these problems provide the orbital parameters of the Callisto–Ganymede transfer, the Ganymede flyby, and the Ganymede–Io transfer, but the characteristics of the Callisto and Io flybys are unconstrained, so they are permitted to vary in order to produce an even larger number of trajectory solutions. The vast amount of solution data is searched to find the best triple-satellite-aided capture window between 2024 and 2040.     

Nonlinear H∞ based underactuated attitude control for small satellites with two reaction wheels

Underactuated attitude control is supposed to be used on spacecraft when failure happens with onboard actuators. One main problem with existing underactuated attitude control designs is their limited capabilities against disturbances. In order to solve this problem, an approach based on the theory of H∞$H\infty$ is proposed in this paper. Two propositions are derived from the H∞$H\infty$ theory to improve the robustness of one popular underactuated attitude control design, which was presented by Tsiotras et al. It is proved mathematically that the controller satisfying these two propositions respectively can stabilize the underactuated attitude system locally or globally. The numerical simulations show that the improved controllers based on the H∞$H\infty$ theory could provide higher pointing accuracy for small satellites against disturbances. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed H∞$H\infty$ based approach to improve existing underactuated attitude control designs.