点阵压气机叶轮轻量化设计及力学性能分析

以压气机叶轮为研究对象,轻量化设计为研究目标,设计了一种适合旋转周期对称结构应用的点阵填充点阵胞元.其目的是在保证满足设计要求的前提下,使叶轮刚度和强度具有可调性的同时降低叶轮质量.对转速为8×104r/min极限工况下的无填充轮、实心轮和不同点阵梁直径点阵填充轮进行了分析对比.结果表明,单个胞元梁直径为0.2mm,0...     

选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构特征模拟分析

针对选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构过程进行温度场与应力场模拟。利用有限元分析软件建立三维瞬态选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构的过程模型,分析加工过程温度场应力场分布情况及变化趋势。针对不同激光功率与扫描速度对悬垂结构成型质量的影响进行仿真分析与实验验证。分析结果表明,在选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构过程中,在激光扫描悬垂位置时熔池温度值明显高于激光扫描打印件中心位置时的熔池温度,成型件与基板接触的边角位置具有最大的残余应力,悬垂结构位置出现明显变形,在激光功率与扫描速度比值不变情况下,激光功率越大,悬垂结构位置变形越大。     

基于残余应力重分布的导轨梁加工变形仿真与变形控制工艺方案研究

为解决大型薄壁铸件导轨梁在材料去除过程中因残余应力的释放与重分布导致变形超差的工艺难题,对导轨梁零件加工工艺进行分析,实现零件模型的简化与子结构分割;同时开展零件毛坯表面残余应力测量,成功建立零件毛坯初始应力模型。在此基础上结合实际加工工艺开展零件加工有限元仿真,模拟加工过程中由于材料去除引起的残余应力释放,预测了加工过程中残余应力重分布规律和加工变形情况。总结了零件加工变形的有限元仿真结果,提出抑制零件加工变形的工艺方案。经验证,改进后的工艺顺序使零件最大变形量由0.485 mm降至0.081 mm,降低83.3%,避免了零件在加工过程中的尺寸超差。同时该平面作为后续加工的基准,保证了后续加工的精度,为生产工艺优化提供了有效的理论依据。     

打印方向对SLM增材制造点阵结构力学性能的影响分析

为研究激光选区熔化（SLM）增材制造技术的制造方向对点阵结构力学性能的影响,基于不同的打印角度,制备了4组不同相对密度的Ti–6Al–4V面心立方（PC）点阵试样,并开展了力学性能数值仿真、试样微观形貌观测及单轴压缩试验。结果表明,不同打印方向引起的制造缺陷会造成点阵结构等效杨氏模量及失效模式的改变,低密度点阵结构呈现出无特定规律的“逐层坍塌”破坏,高密度点阵结构为整体“剪切”破坏;点阵结构支杆缺陷随打印方向与支杆夹角增大而增大,同时引起点阵结构等效杨式模量的各向异性,低密度点阵结构的制造缺陷对打印方向更敏感,在相对密度为0.1138时,不同打印方向的等效杨氏模量最大差异达14.6%;由于增材制造的内部缺陷,导致基于均质化理论的仿真结果相较试验值偏高。     

激光功率与底面状态对选区激光熔化球化的影响

为研究激光功率与底面状态对选区激光熔化熔池流动的影响,基于离散单元法建立了选区激光熔化铺粉模型,采用粒径分布与实验相符的马氏体时效钢粉末分别铺展到平坦底面和增材底面上,将计算获得的粉末分布导入到基于有限体积法建立的选区激光熔化熔池计算流体力学模型中,研究激光功率和基板底面粗糙度对熔池流动和熔道表面形貌的影响。采用激光单道扫描实验验证铺粉模型和选区激光熔化模型。结果表明：随着激光功率的降低,单位长度的球化数量增加;由于增材底面使熔池润湿性变差,同时又对熔池流动行为产生扰动,使得增材粗糙底面上熔道的球化数量增加。选区激光熔化铺粉模拟及激光单道扫描模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。本研究可为选区激光熔化工艺中工艺参数的选择提供理论指导。     

钛合金薄板激光修饰焊残余应力研究

采用X射线法测量焊接残余应力,对比研究了TC4钛合金薄板激光焊和激光修饰焊的残余应力分布规律与特点。结果表明:激光修饰焊未改变TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头残余应力的分布特征;激光修饰焊可以显著降低焊接接头横向残余应力,X方向上的最大残余压应力由原来的409MPa降到345MPa,Y方向则从316MPa降至278MPa,在焊缝两侧8mm范围内,应力值波动很小,基本呈现均匀分布,对于焊接纵向残余应力激光修饰焊只是略微降低应力波动幅度;与激光焊的接头边缘处相比,由于边缘效应激光修饰焊接产生的残余应力释放幅度较低,从27%~42%降到10%~18%。     

激光选区熔化设备铺粉质量提升实践

在选区激光熔化成形AlSi10Mg合金结构件过程中,铺粉质量直接影响打印件的尺寸和内部质量,尤其是前几层铺粉质量直接决定零件能否打印成功,利用控制粉末与打印基板质量、修磨刮刀、调节刮刀与基板的间隙、优化零件打印工艺性等方法改进铺粉质量,最终达到提高零件3D打印精度及成型质量的效果。     

激光辅助高速车削镍基合金GH4169表面质量研究

通过激光加热辅助车削镍基合金GH4169实验,研究激光功率、切削参数等对加工表面质量和切削过程中刀具磨损的影响。实验结果显示:与普通车削相比,激光辅助切削能够改善刀具后刀面磨损情况。激光辅助车削条件下,车削表面粗糙度优于普通切削,并在切削速度为166 m/min时获得最佳值0.467μm。在常规车削和激光辅助车削条件下,车削表面在进给方向上的残余应力均为拉应力,并且激光辅助车削表面产生的残余拉应力都高于常规车削,伴随着激光功率的增加,表面残余应力也逐渐增大。     

基于加工表面完整性的TB6精铣参数优选

TB6高强度钛合金因其优良的比强度和热变形性能被广泛应用于航空领域,是制造直升机旋翼系统主承力结构件和起落架的主要材料.为了使零件获得较佳的疲劳性能,基于加工后的表面完整性指标对其精铣加工参数进行了优选.试验结果表明,每齿进给量fz对加工后的表面粗糙度Ra和表面残余压应力σH有较大影响,随着每齿进给量fz的不断增大,表面粗糙度Ra近似线性增大,表面残余压应力的幅值也随之增大;线速度vc主要影响加工表面显微硬化率,显微硬化率随线速度的增大而降低;径向切宽ae对加工表面残余应力也有较大的影响,随着ae的增大,加工表面残余压应力的幅值逐渐降低.因此,从提高零件疲劳寿命的方面考虑,在满足例如零件表面质量要求和生产效率等各项生产要求的前提下,应尽可能降低铣削线速度,减小径向切宽,提高每齿进给量,适当选择轴向切深.     

基于残余应力的激光冲击强化参数多目标优化

为了获取镍基高温合金GH4169激光冲击强化(Laser Shock Peening,LSP)过程中最佳工艺参数,利用ABAQUS/EXPLICIT软件,对搭接率、光斑尺寸、峰值压力和脉冲宽度4个关键工艺参数对残余应力的影响规律进行了研究。以最大残余拉应力、表面平均残余压应力及残余压应力层深度为优化目标,采用径向基神经网络代理模型(Radial Basis Function,RBF)和遗传算法(GA)(包括快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)、相邻培养式遗传算法(NCGA)、自适应变异遗传算法(AMGA))相结合的方法对这4个工艺参数进行了多目标优化研究,得到了最优的工艺参数。结果表明,采用AMGA所得的表面平均残余压应力绝对值比NSGA-II所得高22.9MPa,比NCGA所得高59.4MPa。优化后最大残余拉应力降低了6.99%,表面平均残余压应力提高了9.78%,表明了优化方法的有效性。     

残余应力对加工变形影响的分析与模拟

为了研究材料去除过程中残余应力的重新分布及该过程所引起的工件变形,假设在该过程中没有引入另外的应力,采用理论计算和有限元模拟的方法对含有已知单向应力情况的矩形板进行了求解,计算了在剥层过程中的曲率、挠度和残余应力,并分析了剩余部分的残余应力变化趋势。结果表明理论解与有限元解获得了极好的吻合。采用有限元法进一步研究了材料去除过程中,单向和双向残余应力对加工变形的影响以及最终残余应力分布规律的异同。     

铝合金厚板淬火残余应力的有限元模拟及其对加工变形的影响

航空整体结构件在加工过程中容易发生较大变形。为了研究毛坯的初始残余应力对整体结构件加工变形的影响,采用准耦合方法,利用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟7075铝合金毛坯的淬火过程,研究该过程中温度的变化和残余应力的分布规律,并在含有淬火残余应力的毛坯上进行材料去除模拟。结果表明,模拟产生的比例件的变形与实际加工的比例件的变形非常近似,从而证明了毛坯的初始残余应力是引起整体结构件加工变形的主要因素,同时验证了准耦合淬火模拟的有效性。     

γ-TiAl合金铣削加工表面残余应力研究

为了探索高温理想结构材料γ-Ti Al合金铣削表面残余应力特性,结合正交试验数据处理方法中的极差分析法,建立各工艺因素情况下不同水平对表面残余应力的关系曲线,并对其工艺过程中的热力影响机理进行分析;同时建立面向残余应力的各因素灵敏度数学模型,进而确定以获取较大残余压应力为目标的工艺参数优选区间。研究表明:在试验参数限定范围内,步进方向以及进给方向均呈现为残余压应力,主要原因是冷塑性变形占主导作用。通过对灵敏度数学模型进行分析,发现残余应力对设计变量中的铣削速度变化最敏感,对每齿进给量、铣削深度和铣削宽度的敏感程度近似相同,为Ti Al金属间化合物铣削表面残余应力控制研究提供了理论依据。     

Machining deformation of single-sided component based on finishing allowance optimization

Owing to reliability and high strength-to-weight ratio, large thin-walled components are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industry. Due to the complex features and sequence involved in the machining process of large thin-walled components, machining deformation of component is easy to exceed the specification. In order to address the problem, it is important to retain the appropriate finishing allowance. To find the overall machining deformation, finishing allowance-induced deformation (web finishing allowance, sidewall finishing allowance) and initial residual stress-induced deformation were considered as major factors. Meanwhile, machined surface residual stress-induced deformation, clamping stress-induced deformation, thermal deformation, gravity-induced deformation and inertial force-induced deformation were neglected in the optimization model. Six-peak Gaussian function was introduced to fit the initial residual stress. Based upon the obtained function of initial residual stress, a deformation prediction model between initial residual stress and finishing allowance was established to attain the finishing allowance-induced deformation. In addition, linear programming optimization model based on the simplex algorithm was developed to optimize the overall machining deformation. Results have concluded that the overall machining deformation reached the minimum value when sidewall finishing allowance and web finishing allowance varied between 1 and 2 mm. Additionally, web finishing allowance-induced deformation and sidewall finishing allowance-induced deformation were 1.05 mm and 0.7 mm. Furthermore, the machining deformation decreased to 0.3–0.38 mm with the application of optimized finishing allowance allocation strategy, which made 39–56% reduction of the overall machining deformation compared to that in conventional method.     

Cutting path-dependent machinability of SiCp/Al composite under multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting

Particle-tool interactions, which govern the synergetic deformation of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites under mechanical machining, strongly depend on the geometry of particle position residing on cutting path. In the present work, we investigate the influence of cutting path on the machinability of a SiCp/Al composite in multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting by combining finite element simulations with experimental observations and characterization. Be consistent with experimentally characterized microstructures, the simulated SiCp/Al composite is considered to be composed of randomly distributed polygonally-shaped SiC particles with a volume fraction of 25vol%. A multi-step cutting strategy with depths of cut ranging from 2 to 10 μm is adopted to achieve an ultimate depth of cut of 10 μm. Intrinsic material parameters and extrinsic cutting conditions utilized in finite element simulations of SiCp/Al cutting are consistent with those used in corresponding experiments. Simulation results reveal different particle-tool interactions and failure modes of SiC particles, as well as their correlations with machining force evolution, residual stress distribution and machined surface topography. A detailed comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data of multi-step diamond cutting of SiCp/Al composite reveals a substantial impact of the number of cutting steps on particle-tool interactions and machined surface quality. These findings provide guidelines for achieving high surface finish of SiCp/Al composites by ultra-precision diamond cutting.     

An allowance allocation method based on dynamic approximation via online inspection data for deformation control of structural parts

Deformation resulting from residual stress has been a significant issue in machining. As allowance allocation can directly impact the residual stress on part deformation, it is essential for deformation control. However, it is difficult to adjust allowance allocation by traditional simulation methods based on residual stress, as the residual stress cannot be accurately measured or predicted, and many unexpected factors during machining process cannot be simulated accurately. Different from traditional methods, this paper proposes an allowance allocation method based on dynamic approximation via online inspection data for deformation control of structural parts. An Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model for dynamic allowance allocation is established so as to approach the minimum deformation, which is based on the in-process deformation inspection data during the alternative machining process of upside and downside. The effectiveness of the method is verified both by simulation cases and real machining experiments of aircraft structural parts, and the results show that part deformation can be significantly reduced.     

气-固耦合设计对斜流叶轮性能影响的数值分析

为了获得在设计工况下性能最佳的叶型,提出一种三维单向气-固耦合迭代设计方法。对三维气动设计得到的热态叶型（记为RT)进行单向气-固耦合计算,获得设计点流场特性和热态叶型变形量。采用基于面积平均的三维插值造型方法,分别获得进行机匣处理和不进行机匣处理的冷态叶轮(分别记为RC和RC-tip)。对冷热态叶轮流场的数值分析结果表明:与热态叶轮相比,冷态叶轮在设计转速下堵塞点流量提高1.93%;冷态叶轮的叶片最小负荷下降约30%;在低转速下,冷态叶轮的性能曲线优于热态叶轮;说明通过该设计流程得到的冷态叶轮在叶片负荷和流通能力等方面实现了优化。      

微小整体叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工试验研究

微小整体叶轮作为微型发动机的重要组成部分,其加工质量直接影响微型发动机的使用性能。针对微小整体式复杂叶轮流道狭窄、叶片扭曲大和长厚比大等特点,开展了微小复杂扭曲整体式叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工方法研究。针对微小叶轮加工过程极易发生变形、过切和碰撞干涉等问题,对微小叶轮的加工过程进行工艺规划,建立了微小叶轮流道加工刀具选择的约束方程,计算出叶轮加工刀具的最大理论直径。通过CAM软件对叶轮进行切削仿真,验证了刀具选择和工艺规划的正确性。通过五轴联动微细铣削试验,得到了具有6个直径10mm的叶片、叶片最小厚度0.15mm、叶片最小相邻间距0.58mm的7075铝合金微小整体叶轮。