高密度烃与航空煤油燃烧特性对比试验

采用本生灯方法并结合数字图像处理方法分别对高密度烃和航空煤油的燃烧特性进行了试验研究,分析了不同燃油流量下当量比、预混燃气温度对层流火焰传播速度与贫油点火、熄火极限的影响,从而确定了高密度烃的层流火焰传播特性。实验研究表明:当量比为1.1时,高密度烃层流火焰传播速度达到最大值,而航空煤油在当量比为1时达到最大值,且在相同工况下高密度烃的层流火焰传播速度的最大值较小;层流火焰传播速度随混合气温度的增加而变大;燃油流量的改变对层流火焰传播速度的影响不大;相同工况下高密度烃的贫油点火、熄火极限比航空煤油的要大,且燃油流量在小于35ml/h区域内,贫油点火极限、熄火极限的当量比,都随燃油流量的变化都存在一定的波动。     

初始温度对CH4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料层流燃烧特性的影响

采用定容燃烧实验装置对初始压力为0.1MPa、当量比为0.7~1.5、甲烷体积分数为0、0.4和0.8,以及3种初始温度工况下,CH4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料层流燃烧特性进行实验研究。获得混合燃料火焰发展图片、层流燃烧速度和马克斯坦长度等,并分析初始温度对CH4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料层流燃烧速度及燃烧稳定性的影响。结果表明,当火焰拉伸率趋于0时,非线性拟合方法NLM2(nonlinear fitting method 2)能够准确预测拉伸火焰传播速度随火焰拉伸率变化规律,外推可获得较为准确的无拉伸火焰传播速率。初始温度对稀混合燃料火焰传播速度的影响较大,而对化学当量比和浓混合燃料火焰传播速度的影响较小。3种甲烷体积分数混合燃料的层流燃烧速度均随初始温度增加而增加。当初始温度为420K时,马克斯坦长度随当量比减小最快,而当初始温度为480K时,马克斯坦长度减小最慢。在稀混合气和化学当量比工况,随着初始温度增加,混合燃料马克斯坦长度减小,混合燃料燃烧稳定性变差,而在浓混合气工况,各初始温度马克斯坦长度趋于一致,此时,初始温度增加对燃烧稳定性影响较小。      

CH_4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料燃烧特性的实验研究

为研究甲烷添加对RP-3航空煤油燃烧特性的影响,在定容燃烧弹中获得初始温度420K,初始压力0.1MPa,当量比0.8~1.5和甲烷含量0~0.8工况下CH_4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料火焰发展特性图片、火焰半径扩散速率、拉伸火焰传播速度、马克斯坦长度、无拉伸火焰传播速度和层流燃烧速度等燃烧特性,并分析了甲烷添加对混合燃料马克斯坦长度及层流燃烧速度等的影响。结果表明,CH_4/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料在当量比1.3,甲烷含量0工况时燃烧稳定性较差,但随着混合燃料中甲烷含量的增加,火焰前锋面逐渐趋于稳定;混合燃料当量比分别为0.8,1.0和1.2时,甲烷含量的增加对火焰半径扩散速率和拉伸火焰传播速度分别起促进、无明显影响和抑制作用;混合燃料马克斯坦长度曲线在当量比0.9~1.2交叉,当量比为0.8时,混合燃料马克斯坦长度随甲烷含量增加而减小,而当量比为1.3时,混合燃料马克斯坦长度接近于0,燃烧变得极不稳定;混合燃料层流燃烧速度峰值出现在当量比1.0~1.1内,当量比在0.9~1.1,甲烷添加对RP-3航空煤油层流燃烧速度影响较小,当量比大于1.1时,混合燃料层流燃烧速度随甲烷含量增加显著减低。     

麻疯树油/RP-3航油混合燃料燃烧特性实验研究

为研究麻疯树油/RP-3航空煤油混合燃料的燃烧特性,在定容燃烧弹内完成了体积混合比分别为1:0,1:1和1:3,初始温度500K,初始压力0.1MPa,当量比为0.7～1.5混合燃料的实验。分析得到了混合燃料的火焰发展特性、火焰半径变化率、拉伸火焰传播速度、马克斯坦长度、无拉伸火焰传播速度等燃料燃烧特性,并与RP-3航空煤油对比。得到以下结论:在当量比为0.7～1.2时,火焰传播稳定,火焰前锋面较光滑;在当量比增至1.3～1.5时,火焰前锋面出现大量裂纹、胞状结构和微型火团,与其他大分子碳氢燃料的燃烧性质相似;在初始温度和初始压力一定时,无拉伸层流火焰传播速度随当量比先增加后减小,在当量比为0.9～1.0附近时,无拉伸层流火焰传播速度达到最大值;混合燃料的马克斯坦长度与当量比呈反比,在当量比为0.7～1.2时,马克斯坦长度为正值,燃烧趋于稳定;在当量比为1.3～1.5时,马克斯坦长度为负值,燃烧趋于不稳定。与RP-3航空煤油对比,掺有麻疯树油时马克斯坦长度轻微降低,燃烧稳定性稍差;在当量比小于1.0时,无拉伸火焰传播速度轻微降低,在当量比大于1.0时,无拉伸火焰传播速度显著降低。     

定容燃烧弹实验系统及C7燃料火焰速度测量

设计并搭建了适用于测量高温、高压条件下层流火焰传播速度的定容燃烧弹实验系统。详细介绍了定容燃烧弹实验系统的主要子系统的构成和功能,并阐述实验数据处理方法。测量初始温度为400K、压力为0.1MPa和0.3MPa,C7燃料(甲苯、甲基环己烷、正庚烷)/空气层流火焰传播速度,并与现有文献结果进行了对比。结果表明:该定容燃烧弹实验系统具有较高的可靠性,不仅能够准确测量较高初始温度、不同初始压力条件下燃料/空气的层流火焰传播速度,而且能够拓宽测量火焰传播速度当量比的范围。      

CH4/正癸烷混合燃料燃烧特性

为研究CH4/正癸烷混合燃料的燃烧特性及燃烧稳定性,在定容燃烧弹中测量了初始压力为0.1MPa、初始温度为420K、当量比范围为0.8~1.5和甲烷摩尔分数为0~0.8时CH4/正癸烷混合燃料的火焰扩散速度、拉伸火焰传播速度、马克斯坦长度、无拉伸火焰传播速度和层流燃烧速度等,分析了甲烷摩尔分数对马克斯坦长度及层流燃烧速度等的影响。结果表明:当量比为1.3时,随着甲烷摩尔分数的增加,火焰发展末期,前锋面由网格形胞状结构发展为光滑球面,火焰稳定性增强;甲烷摩尔分数增加导致混合燃料马克斯坦长度随当量比增加而减小的趋势变慢,实验研究范围存在临界当量比,当量比小于1.2时,甲烷摩尔分数为0.8的混合燃料燃烧稳定性较差,而当量比大于1.2时,甲烷摩尔分数为0.8的混合燃料燃烧稳定性较好;当量比在1.0~1.3范围内,甲烷摩尔分数为0.2和0.4的混合燃料层流燃烧速度较快,而在实验测量当量比范围,甲烷摩尔分数为0.8的混合燃料层流燃烧速度较慢。      

甲基环己烷层流火焰燃烧特性研究

为了深入了解甲基环己烷的燃烧特性,利用定容燃烧弹和光学纹影测量系统分别对不同初始条件下的甲基环己烷/空气层流火焰燃烧特性进行研究。用自编的Matlab图片处理程序对定容弹内球形火焰传播过程的纹影图片进行分析,得到不同初始条件下甲基环己烷/空气的拉伸火焰传播速度、马克斯坦长度和层流燃烧速度等层流燃烧参数,并给出了以初始压力和初始温度为变量的甲基环己烷/空气的层流燃烧速度拟合公式。研究结果表明:甲基环己烷/空气的拉伸火焰传播速度与初始压力呈负相关,在当量比?0.8时,与拉伸率呈负相关;马克斯坦长度与燃料空气当量比、初始压力和初始温度都呈负相关;层流燃烧速度与初始温度呈正相关,与初始压力呈负相关,并通过与其他的研究数据进行对比,表明构建的层流火焰燃烧速度拟合公式较为合理。     

高密度烃层流火焰传播速度试验研究

为了研究液态燃料的预混燃烧特性,利用本生灯方法与数字图像处理技术相结合的方法对高密度烃的层流火焰传播速度和贫油点火、熄火极限进行了试验测量。研究表明:高密度烃的层流火焰传播速度在恰当比为1.1附近取得最大值;贫油燃烧阶段的层流火焰传播速度随当量比的变化幅度比富油燃烧阶段小;当量比相同时,燃油流量的改变对层流火焰传播速度的影响不大;层流火焰传播速度随混合气体温度的增加而增加;随混合气体温度的增加,层流火焰传播速度随当量比的变化幅度增大;燃油流量在小于35ml/h区域内,贫油点火极限、熄火极限的当量比存在一定的波动,且随混合气体温度的增加而减小,但减小幅度不大。     

当量比对分层旋流火焰燃烧不稳定性的影响

针对分层旋流燃烧室,实验测量了不同分级比和油气比下的动态压力。结果显示:在总燃烧当量比0.47~0.68,主燃级当量比0.48~0.65范围内,燃烧室内的压力脉动幅值随当量比增大而增大。基于层流火焰模型和局部火焰吹熄假设,公式推导了吹熄前后火焰厚度、火焰长度、层流火焰传播速度、气流速度间的关系,得出燃烧不稳定下的压力脉动幅值ps′与层流火焰传播速度SL0成正比,结合贫油状态下SL0随当量比增大而增大这一事实,得出ps′随当量比增大而增大,从而解释了实验结果。     

异辛烷/空气对冲火焰实验与计算分析

为了解决汽油机清洁高效燃烧的难题,需要对汽油的基础燃烧特性进行深入研究。为此选取异辛烷单一组分作为表征燃料,对其预混层流火焰传播速度进行了实验与分析。设计并搭建了适宜液体燃料燃烧的对冲火焰试验台,通过对异辛烷对冲火焰的实验,获得了不同当量比下的无拉伸火焰传播速度,发现随着当量比的增大异辛烷火焰传播速度先增大后减小,在当量比1.1时火焰传播速度达到最大值。在标准大气压、初始温度为378K的工况下,异辛烷最大火焰传播速度为60.9cm/s。利用异辛烷、正庚烷、乙醇三组分燃料着火机理计算了异辛烷火焰传播速度,并针对火焰传播速度进行灵敏度分析,得到了控制异辛烷火焰传播速度的主要基元反应。通过实验结果与计算结果的对比,结合文献中给出的实验数据,对影响异辛烷火焰传播速度的主要因素进行分析,发现初始温度提高、环境压力降低能够使异辛烷燃烧火焰传播速度提高。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.