Aerodynamic optimization and mechanism design of flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap

Trailing-edge flap is traditionally used to improve the takeoff and landing aerodynamic performance of aircraft.In order to improve flight efficiency during takeoff,cruise and landing states,the flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap is introduced,capable of changing its shape smoothly from 50% flap chord to the rear of the flap.Using a numerical simulation method for the case of the GA(W)-2 airfoil,the multi-objective optimization of the overlap,gap,deflection angle,and bending angle of the flap under takeoff and landing configurations is studied.The optimization results show that under takeoff configuration,the variable camber trailing-edge flap can increase lift coefficient by about 8% and lift-to-drag ratio by about 7% compared with the traditional flap at a takeoff angle of 8°.Under landing configuration,the flap can improve the lift coefficient at a stall angle of attack about 1.3%.Under cruise state,the flap helps to improve the lift-todrag ratio over a wide range of lift coefficients,and the maximum increment is about 30%.Finally,a corrugated structure–eccentric beam combination bending mechanism is introduced in this paper to bend the flap by rotating the eccentric beam.     

外吹式襟翼动力增升效果评估方法

外吹式动力增升襟翼可以有效地缩短运输类飞机的起降距离,其增升效果评估方法是运输机动力增升设计的关键技术之一。本文采用基准气动力耦合速度修正方法,发展了一套适用于外吹式襟翼动力增升效果快速评估的计算方法;该方法充分考虑了动力增升飞机性能计算对气动力数据的需求,解决了传统推力系数法的小速度大推力系数求解限制问题、无法准确求解离地速度以及多速度点气动力求解引起的计算效率问题。以某运输机为例,分析了其气动力及起飞性能,对其外吹式襟翼动力增升效果进行了评估,验证了方法的正确性。研究表明:通过优化动力增升襟翼偏转角,起飞滑跑距离最大减小量可达到25%;过大的襟翼偏转角将显著地增加飞机阻力,不利于缩短起飞滑跑距离。研究工作对运输机的外吹式动力增升襟翼设计,具有一定的工程指导价值。     

Aerodynamic/Stealthy/Structural Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle

An optimization strategy is proposed to deal with the aerodynamic/stealthy/structural multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) issue of unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV). In applying the strategy, the MDO process is divided into two levels, i.e. system level optimization and subsystem level optimization. The system level optimization is to achieve optimized system objective (or multi-objective) through the adjustment of global external configuration design variables. The subsystem level optimization consists of the aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design and the structural optimization. The aerodynamic/stealthy integrated design aims at achieving the minimum aerodynamic drag coefficient under the constraint of stealthy requirement through the adjustment of local external configuration design variables. The structural optimization is to minimize the structural weight by adjusting the dimensions of structural components. A flowchart to implement this strategy is presented. The MDO for a flying-wing configuration of UCAV is employed to illustrate the detailed process of the optimization. The results indicate that the overall process of the surrogate-based two-level optimization strategy can be implemented automatically, and quite reasonable results are obtained.     

大型客机柔性后缘增升装置气动机构一体化优化设计

增升装置的设计对于大型客机来说是十分重要的,柔性可变弯的增升装置是未来大型客机的发展趋势,也是当前的研究热点。以某大型宽体客机内段翼型为研究对象,在襟翼内部的柔性变弯机构的带动下,可以使襟翼的后50%部分实现柔性变弯。在原始刚性襟翼的基础上,柔性变弯后的襟翼可使襟翼后缘增加8°的偏角。之后在三维后缘铰链襟翼机构的带动下,同时襟翼内部使用柔性变弯机构,采用"前缘下垂+后缘襟翼柔性变弯+后缘简单铰链襟翼联合扰流板下偏",进行起飞和着陆构型的二维气动/机构一体化优化设计,优化出来的结果与原始不柔性变弯的翼型相比,起飞构型的最大升力系数的增加量为0.119,着陆构型的最大升力系数的增加量为0.162,且着陆最优构型推迟1°迎角失速。     

翼身融合布局民机克鲁格襟翼设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局是"绿色航空"发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。由于高度融合的外形特点,BWB布局难以通过应用传统增升装置实现低速增升与配平的协调设计。本文采用开缝钝头克鲁格襟翼提高BWB布局低速失速特性。首先,构建了克鲁格襟翼二维参数化方法,该方法符合克鲁格襟翼运动机构特点,可准确描述几何外形与缝道配置。其次,开展克鲁格襟翼几何参数与偏转角度的影响规律研究,分析流动形态与增升机理,提出设计原则。综合考虑外形、运动机构与遮蔽效应等设计约束,以提高增升能力为目标,开展前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼优化设计。优化设计结果满足设计约束,数值分析表明其增升能力比初始外形与经典缝翼均有明显提高。最终,采用前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼与后缘简单襟翼构建BWB增升构型,数值模拟与风洞试验结果表明,增升方案能够实现升力系数要求,降低了对配平能力的需求,减小了增升装置和高升力配平设计压力。提出的克鲁格襟翼设计方法不仅适用于BWB布局,也为传统布局民机增升装置设计提供了技术支持。     

协同优化在机翼气动／结构一体化设计中初步应用

探讨协同优化方法是否能有效地解决机翼气动 结构一体化设计优化问题。首先对基本的协同优化和基于响应面协同优化二种方法的特点进行了探讨,然后以轻型飞机机翼气动 结构一体化设计为例,着重研究如何用协同优化方法建立机翼气动 结构一体化设计的优化模型。研究结果表明,基本的协同优化算法不能有效地解决该机翼气动 结构一体化优化问题,而基于响应面的协同优化方法在求解这一问题时具有较好的鲁棒性。     

单级压气机气动优化设计

针对单排叶片气动优化设计难以保证级性能的问题,对一单级跨声速压气机进行了动静叶匹配的同时优化设计。以动叶中的掠、倾,静叶中的弯为设计自由度,对NASA Stage35进行了以气动设计点与峰值效率点为优化点的多工况气动优化设计,得到了动叶前掠、静叶向压力面侧弯曲的优化压气机级,其全工况性能均有不同程度的改善。     

二自由度平板折展柔性铰链的分析及优化

为提高平板折展机构(LEMs)的灵活性,提出了一种能实现平面内及平面外转动的二自由度柔性铰链。首先,综合椭圆柔性铰链与LET柔性铰链的结构特点,设计了二自由度平板折展柔性铰链;其次,利用弹簧模型推导了该铰链两个方向的转动等效刚度计算模型,并通过设计实例的理论计算与有限元仿真分析对比,验证了两个理论模型的正确性;然后,探讨了各结构参数对铰链两种转动刚度的影响;最后,以提高二自由度平板折展柔性铰链的转动性能为目标,建立了其优化设计模型,并采用自适应粒子群优化算法对该铰链的结构参数进行了优化。优化结果表明:铰链y轴方向转动刚度下降了83.60%,z轴方向转动刚度下降了92.73%,二自由度平板折展柔性铰链两个方向的转动性能都得到了极大的提升,优化结果完全符合预期。     

基于代理模型的大型民机机翼气动优化设计

先进的气动优化设计思想与方法,对于提升大型民机气动与综合性能具有至关重要的意义。探讨了大型民机超临界机翼气动优化设计的基本准则和要点,并结合代理优化算法,提出了一种面向工程应用的多轮次高效全局气动优化设计方法。首先,通过一系列解析函数/翼型/机翼优化测试算例进行了验证。其次,将所提出的方法与人工修型相结合,开展了针对宽体客机超临界机翼的两轮气动优化设计,使其气动性能得到显著改善。最后,采用不同的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器对安装优化机翼的全机巡航构型进行了典型状态的气动性能综合评估。研究结果表明,所提出的代理优化算法具有很高的优化效率、较强的约束处理和全局优化能力;将所发展的基于代理模型的多轮次气动优化设计方法与人工修型相结合,能够获得满足设计要求的气动外形,验证了该方法在大型民机超临界机翼气动设计中的有效性和工程实用性。     

Effects of stability margin and thrust specific fuel consumption constrains on multi-disciplinary optimization for blended-wing-body design

Blended-Wing-Body(BWB) configuration, as an innovative transport concept, has become a worldwide research focus in the field of civil transports development. Relative to the conventional Tube-And-Wing(TAW) configuration, the BWB shows integrated benefits and serves as a most promising candidate for future ‘‘green aviation. The objective of the present work is to figure out the effects of the stability margin and Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption(TSFC) on the BWB design in the framework of Multi-Disciplinary Optimization(MDO). A physically-based platform was promoted to study the effect static stability margin and engine technology level. Low-order physically based models are applied to the evaluation of the weight and the aerodynamic performance. The modules and methods are illustrated in detail, and the validation of the methods shows feasibility and confidence for the conceptual design of BWB aircrafts. In order to find out the relation between planform changes and the selection of stability and engine technology level, two sets of optimizations are conducted separately. The study proves that these two factors have dominant effects towards the optimized BWB designs in both aerodynamic shapes, weight distribution, which needs to be considered during the MDO design process. A balance diagram analysis is applied to find out a reasonable static stability margin range. It can be concluded that a recommended stability margin of a practical BWB commercial aircraft can be half of that of a conventional TAW design.     

基于遗传算法与响应面模型的压气机叶片气动优化设计

1引言由于叶轮机械内部复杂的三维流动,各种波涡结构的广泛存在,吸引了众多学者对其进行了积极的探索与研究。CFD作为可靠省时的设计手段之一,在叶轮机械气动设计的过程中显示了其卓越的性能[1~3]。June Chung和Lee K i D[4]采用基于梯度法的优化程序,以绝热效率为目标函数对NA     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis(PCA)-Deep Belief Network(DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method.For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aero...     

某大型飞机后缘襟翼气动/机构综合优化设计

大型飞机增升装置的研制不仅需要其提供足够的气动性能,也需要对噪声、舒适性等进行综合考量设计,而增升装置是提高大型飞机综合性能的重要系统,也是目前技术发展亟待研究和解决的重要问题。对于增升装置机构设计,通过设计较为简单的铰链襟翼机构来引导襟翼达到较优位置,然后选择气动性能较好的位置作为新的优化位置,求得较优机构位置。机构位置改变结合气动性能验证需要进行大量的迭代计算以及结果优化,因此以机构设计为基础,探究多目标优化计算的新方法,最终实现气动结构一体化设计目标。选用铰链式后缘襟翼为研究对象,综合考量后缘襟翼旋转与扰流板下偏联合运动对于气动性能影响,利用所研究方法,对其进行气动机构一体化设计并得出设计结果。     

Integrated optimization on aerodynamics-structure coupling and flight stability of a large airplane in preliminary design

The preliminary phase is significant during the whole design process of a large airplane because of its enormous potential in enhancing the overall performance. However, classical sequential designs can hardly adapt to modern airplanes, due to their repeated iterations, long periods, and massive computational burdens. Multidisciplinary analysis and optimization demonstrates the capability to tackle such complex design issues. In this paper, an integrated optimization method for the preliminary design of a large airplane is proposed, accounting for aerodynamics, structure, and stability. Aeroelastic responses are computed by a rapid three-dimensional flight load analysis method combining the high-order panel method and the structural elasticity correction. The flow field is determined by the viscous/inviscid iteration method, and the cruise stability is evaluated by the linear small-disturbance theory. Parametric optimization is carried out using genetic algorithm to seek the minimal weight of a simplified plate-beam wing structure in the cruise trim condition subject to aeroelastic, aerodynamic, and stability constraints, and the optimal wing geometry shape, front/rear spar positions, and structural sizes are obtained simultaneously. To reduce the computational burden of the static aeroelasticity analysis in the optimization process, the Kriging method is employed to predict aerodynamic influence coefficient matrices of different aerodynamic shapes. The multidisciplinary analyses guarantee computational accuracy and efficiency, and the integrated optimization considers the coupling effect sufficiently between different disciplines to improve the overall performance, avoiding the limitations of sequential approaches utilized currently.     

大型客机后缘铰链襟翼巡航变弯度气动性能数值研究

更高、更快、减阻是飞机设计三大永恒的追求。传统的固定翼飞机在进行优化设计时需兼顾各种飞行条件,寻求一个折中的最优解,而变弯度机翼的概念能有效解决这个问题,符合上述飞机设计的三大追求。着重研究大型宽体客机后缘襟翼刚性变弯度对巡航气动效率及跨声速抖振边界的影响。首先基于下垂式铰链襟翼机构,编制了机构引导下带扰流板联合偏转的后缘襟翼运动仿真程序,以自动生成不同襟翼偏角的巡航构型。在此基础上对巡航构型进行非稳态气动计算,获得跨声速区机翼抖振边界。以该抖振边界作为约束条件,以襟翼偏角、迎角为双变量,获得Cl-K关系图,得到最优升阻比曲线。本文中襟翼偏角变化为0°~±3°,间隔1°;迎角范围为-2°~5°,间隔1°。计算结果表明,变弯度构型较不变弯度构型升阻比有所提高,抖振边界约提高10%;变弯度构型可提高不同设计点的气动效率,实现减阻省油;跨声速区机翼抖振边界的提高扩大了飞行包线,使得飞机能飞得更高、更快。     

启发式算法在大飞机设计中的应用综述

主要介绍了神经网络系统、遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法、支持向量机几种启发式优化算法(Heuristic Optimization Algorithm,HOA)在大飞机设计领域的发展和应用现状,对比分析了算法在航空工程设计上的优缺点,展望了启发式算法的发展方向,为大飞机设计提供了宝贵的理论和经验。     

基于伴随方法的单级低速压气机气动设计优化

采用梯度方法对某型4.5级压气机最后级进行气动设计优化研究,梯度由连续伴随方法计算确定,多排伴随方程采用伴随掺混面模型进行数值求解。首先,采用基于经验修正的初步设计方法设计带进口导叶的4.5级低速、低压缩比压气机的原始气动外形。之后,在压气机近失速工况对最后级静子叶片进行伴随气动设计优化,通过优化叶型和安装角降低流动损失,目标函数定义为加权求和形式的熵增和流量偏差,优化中对流量进行约束。最后,开展基于伴随方法的多工况气动设计优化研究,改善两个不同转速条件下最后级的气动性能。优化结果表明,基于伴随方法的多排气动设计优化可以通过改变叶片气动外形提升多排全工况气动性能。     

基于并行多目标遗传算法大涵道分开式排气系统气动优化设计

通过引入快速非支配排序算法、拥挤距离以及拥挤距离比较算子等对基本遗传算法进行改进,并结合massage passing interface(MPI)并行编程技术,发展了主从式并行多目标遗传算法(PMGA).将PMGA与排气系统型面参数化设计方法、Navier-Stokes方程求解器相结合建立了分开式排气系统气动优化设计平台.应用该平台对某型分开式排气系统进行了多目标优化设计,得到了一组在三个目标上都优于初始设计的Pareto最优设计.将典型的Pareto最优设计和初始设计进行分析、比较,证明了该气动优化设计平台的高效性和可靠性.      

兼顾两种模式核心机驱动风扇级气动优化设计

提出兼顾两种模式核心机驱动风扇级气动设计方法。将S2流面通流计算与遗传算法相结合,寻找最优进口导叶（IGV）出口气流角、关闭角度、单双外涵压比沿叶高分布;实现在转子气动设计时兼顾两种模式。根据IGV基础叶型弯度、安装角对单双外涵流动损失影响研究,确定可调IGV关键参数,实现在IGV气动设计时兼顾两种模式。采用多点优化进行静子叶型优化设计,实现在静子气动设计时兼顾两种模式。对所设计的核心机驱动风扇级进行三维流场计算,结果表明:两种模式在满足总压比和质量流量前提下,单、双外涵模式等熵效率分别达到88.05%和87.17%,且稳定裕度分别达到15.65%和16.28%。