转捩模式与转捩准则预测高超声速边界层流动

对原始的k-ω-γ转捩模式和"层流+转捩准则"模型进行了改进,在2种方法中分别增加了横流模态时间尺度和横流转捩准则用于预测横流失稳诱导转捩。通过对网格预处理可并行计算获得边界层外缘信息以及边界层内横流速度。采用不同雷诺数条件下的0°攻角尖锥以及HIFiRE-5外形对2种方法预测高超声速边界层转捩的性能进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,2种方法均能正确反映高超声速边界层转捩起始位置和转捩区长度随雷诺数的变化趋势,但不能捕捉转捩区热流峰值;"层流+转捩准则"模型计算得到的传热系数在全湍流区较k-ω-γ转捩模式偏高。对于同时存在流向不稳定和横流不稳定的HIFiRE-5外形,改进的k-ω-γ转捩模式和改进的"层流+转捩准则"模型相比于原始的模型均能更加准确地预测中心线两侧横流失稳诱导形成的转捩;对于中心线附近因速度剖面拐点引起的边界层转捩,"层流+转捩准则"模型由于与边界层厚度相关,预测得到的转捩位置较试验结果靠前,k-ω-γ转捩模式与试验结果吻合很好。     

横向气流中液体圆柱射流的破碎特性和表面波现象

采用高速摄像仪对横向气流场中的圆形液体射流的圆柱破碎过程(低Weber数)进行了实验研究.实验采用直射式喷嘴,喷孔直径为0.3mm和0.5mm,喷嘴长径比均为40.实验工质采用水.Weber数为1.7~7,液/气动量通量比为3.4~83.实验观察了表面波现象及射流破碎形成的液滴的尺寸及其速度.观测发现,表面波波长随着气流Weber数的对数的增加而线性减小.破碎后形成的液滴直径 d_p/d₀与Weber数的对数成正比.液滴的初始x方向速度与y方向速度大小与液滴直径无关.在实验范围内,液滴y方向速度均不随Weber数和液/气动量通量比的变化,约为初始射流速度的0.94倍;而液滴x方向速度约为0.085倍的气流速度.对表面波和破碎后形成的液滴尺寸及速度的研究有助于构建更精确的初始雾化模型.      

基于边界层相似性解的放大因子输运模型

为了使二维线性稳定性理论能够适应现代CFD求解技术,通过求解Falkner-Skan边界层相似性方程获得各个形状因子下的相似速度型。基于线性稳定性理论,对各个速度型进行稳定性分析从而获得对应不同速度型的扰动放大因子包络线。最后使用标量输运方程的形式实现包络近似方法中放大因子的当地化求解,并结合原始γ-Re_θt转捩模型中的间歇因子输运方程,实现了自然转捩和分离泡转捩的建模。使用该输运模型对S&K平板、S809翼型、NLR7301翼型和DLR-F5机翼进行转捩预测,结果均与试验结果吻合较好,验证了该模型构建的合理性和可行性。     

旋转槽道湍流的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

基于多松弛格子Boltzmann方法的大涡模拟对雷诺数为194,旋转数从0~5.0的旋转槽道湍流进行数值模拟.采用动态亚格子应力模型模化滤波后的不封闭项,修正二阶矩作用力模型计算压力梯度、哥氏力.对平均速度、均方根脉动速度、雷诺应力以及湍流结构进行了计算.结果显示哥氏力使流场平均速度呈现不对称性:在压力面,随着旋转数的增加,湍流度增强;而在吸力面湍流脉动减弱,具有层流化的趋势.将格子Boltzmann模型与直接数值模拟求解进行对比,结果验证了格子Boltzmann方法在旋转湍流模拟中的可行性.      

湍流边界层各向异性张量模式的实验研究

使用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术在水槽内精细测量平板湍流边界层内不同流向、法向位置的瞬时速度矢量空间场的时间序列信号。利用实验数据对湍流各向异性的涡黏张量模式进行了实验研究,给出了湍流边界层不可压缩槽道湍流中各向异性的涡黏张量各分量的空间分布规律。各向异性的涡黏张量分量的空间分布揭示了流向平均速度的法向梯度对雷诺应力三个分量的不同贡献。涡黏张量三个分量空间上的不同规律说明对涡黏张量的各向异性的考虑是合理的,而各向同性的涡黏模型不适宜描述剪切湍流雷诺应力的物理本质。     

Double-decoupled inverse design of natural laminar flow nacelle under transonic conditions

The inverse design based on the pressure distribution is an essential approach to realize the improvement of Natural Laminar Flow(NLF) performance for nacelles. However, the direct definition of target pressure distribution at design point is challenging for the dilemma to consider the constraints of shock wave and laminar flow at the same time. In addition, the universality of method will be limited when the inverse design is strongly coupled with the solver. Thus, a double-decoupled methodolog...     

平面自由剪切层三维离散涡丝的数值模拟

本文用离散涡丝方法对平面自由剪切层进行数值模拟，给出了初始展向涡丝的随空间发展所形成的成对反转流向涡以及涡卷起和涡丝合并的图案，分析了流向涡产生的根源。得到了剪切层的速度剖面，给出了不同速度差与对流速度比之下涡丝的演变特点。     

HyTRV流场特征与边界层稳定性特征分析

高超声速转捩研究飞行器（HyTRV）是为研究三维复杂外形的边界层转捩问题而设计的一款具备真实飞行器典型特征的升力体标模。为支撑更加全面系统的理论分析、数值模拟、风洞试验和飞行试验研究,采用高精度数值模拟方法、线性稳定性理论（LST）和e^N方法对HyTRV标模的典型流动特征和边界层失稳特征进行了分析。研究表明,HyTRV展现出多个相对独立的横流区域和多个流向涡结构;HyTRV的边界层存在横流失稳模态、第二模态、附着线失稳模态等常见模态。横流失稳模态出现在周向高低压区之间的横流区域,能够主导转捩发生;横流区域同时也存在第二模态,其N值普遍比横流失稳模态小;附着线失稳模态呈现出第二模态特性,且频率非常高。还研究了攻角和单位雷诺数的影响。结果表明,随着攻角增加,标模下表面中心线的流向涡结构逐渐消失,横流雷诺数逐渐减小;上表面流向涡结构逐渐从腰部移向顶端,并出现新的流向涡结构。增加攻角,所有失稳模态的N值总体上逐渐减小;增加单位雷诺数,N值显著增加。基于研究结果,针对流向涡失稳、横流失稳、第二模态和附着线失稳等给出了研究建议。     

波瓣喷射器强化混合的数值研究

利用FLUENT CFD(computational fluid dynamics)数值计算软件,对波瓣喷射器中无化学反应异类气体的混合过程进行了数值研究,二氧化碳气体作为主流从波瓣状狭缝中喷出,与同向空气流在混合管内进行混合.获得了两股气流相互混合过程中的速度分布、流向涡分布、组分分布等相关信息,分析了波瓣喷射器结构参数对流向涡环流强度的影响.波瓣喷射器诱导的流向涡强化了同向流动气体之间的混合效率,组分分布较为均匀.      

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

Conjugate heat transfer investigations of turbine vane based on transition models

The accurate simulation of boundary layer transition process plays a very important role in the prediction of turbine blade temperature field. Based on the Abu-Ghannam and Shaw (AGS) and c-Re h transition models, a 3D conjugate heat transfer solver is developed, where the fluid domain is discretized by multi-block structured grids, and the solid domain is discretized by unstructured grids. At the unmatched fluid/solid interface, the shape function interpolation method is adopted to ensure the conservation of the interfacial heat flux. Then the shear stress transport (SST) model, SST & AGS model and SST & c-Re h model are used to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Mark II turbine vane. The results indicate that compared with the full turbulence model (SST model), the transition models could improve the prediction accuracy of temperature and heat transfer coefficient at the laminar zone near the blade leading edge. Compared with the AGS transition model, the c-Re h model could predict the transition onset location induced by shock/boundary layer interaction more accurately, and the prediction accuracy of temperature field could be greatly improved.     

Improved local amplification factor transport equation for stationary crossflow instability in subsonic and transonic flows

Transition prediction is a hot research topic of fluid mechanics. For subsonic and transonic aerodynamic flows, e^N method based on Linear Stability Theory (LST) is usually adopted reliably to predict transition. In 2013, Coder and Maughmer established a transport equation for Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) instability so that the e^N method can be applied to general Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers conveniently. However, this equation focuses on T-S instability, and is invalid for crossflow instability induced transition which plays a crucial role in flow instability of three-dimensional boundary layers. Subsequently, a transport equation for crossflow instability was developed in 2016, which is restricted to wing-like geometries. Then, in 2019, this model was extended to arbitrarily shaped geometries based on local variables. However, there are too many tedious functions and parameters in this version, and it can only be used for incompressible flows. Hence, in this paper, after a large amount of LST analyses and parameter optimization, an improved version for subsonic and transonic boundary layers is built. The present improved model is more robust and more concise, and it can be applied widely in aeronautical flows, which has great engineering application value and significance. An extensive validation study for this improved transition model will be performed.     

Improving aircraft aerodynamic performance with bionic wing obtained by ice shape modulation

For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with limited electrical power to achieve effectively anti-/de-icing at the leading edge of the wing, a strategy of ice shape modulation was proposed. Isolated simulated ice shape pieces printed by 3D printing technology are mounted on a NACA0012 finite wing model, and its lift/drag coefficients and suction-side velocity fields are measured by the six-component force balance and the Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV), respectively. The ratio of the spanwise length of a single ice shape piece to chord length and the spanwise length of the non-icing area between the two adjacent single ice shape pieces are defined as dimensionless ice shape length (w/c) and dimensionless modulation ratio (w/λ), respectively. The results indicate that for a fixed w/λ, the wing lift coefficient first increases and then drops with increasing w/c, and a peak value exists when w/c is between 0.1 and 0.2. The lower the w/λ is, the higher the wing lift coefficient will be. The periodical variation of the flow separation area along the spanwise direction is attributed on the one hand to the acceleration effect of the flow field in the non-icing area which reduces the separation area, and on the other hand to the cross-flow caused by the streamwise vortices from the non-icing area to the icing area which promotes the mixing of the flow field (similar to vortex generators). The obtained modulation law is verified through flight tests and provides guidance for the use of ice shape modulation scheme for UAVs that cannot be completely anti-/de-icing under severe weather conditions.     

高超声速流动中噪声与湍流度的关系

在不可压缩流动中，湍流度对流动失稳与转捩的影响机制有很多研究成果，已发展了一些依据其大小预测流动转捩的模型应用于工程设计。但在高速可压缩流动中，湍流度很难测量，给该速域的流动转捩预测建模带来困难。近年来的研究表明，高速流场（马赫数≥3）中的噪声是影响流动转捩提前与推迟，甚至决定转捩途径的关键因素。但流场噪声与湍流度对流场的激励机制有没有内在联系，或流场噪声与湍流度理论上是否存在相互关联，迄今仍缺少理论分析结果。由于可压缩流场中噪声的测量相对容易，因此探讨流场噪声与湍流度之间的定量关系具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。讨论了Euler系统中各类双曲波特性，重点分析了流场声波中脉动压力与脉动速度的本质联系，从理论上得到了声压级与声致湍流度的关系。同时，为了对影响湍流度的因素有更全面的认识，导出了非声扰动与非声致湍流度的关系。为建立高速流动转捩预测模型和探讨天地一致性问题，奠定了一定的研究基础。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的方通道湍流的大涡模拟

基于格子Boltzmann方程的大涡模拟方法,对以摩擦速度、方通道水利直径为特征尺度,雷诺数为300的直方通道内湍流流动进行数值计算.利用多松弛时间格子Boltzmann方法来模拟流场的流动,切应力改善亚格子应力模型来模化滤波后的非封闭项.将模化后的亚格子应力与格子Boltzmann方法中的松弛时间相关联,使得松弛时间当地化,从而能够准确地模拟湍流.对湍流的平均流向速度、平均二次流速度以表征湍流强度的均方根速度以及不同截面流向瞬时涡做了计算和评估.计算结果与直接数值模拟、实验数据相吻合,证明了格子Boltzmann方法在计算通道湍流中的精度.      

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制（HLFC）对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明：萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。     

微通道流动转捩数值模拟

应用CFD计算软件ANSYS CFX对水力直径为0.4mm的矩形截面微尺度通道中的气体流动进行了数值模拟.采用了3种流动模型,即γ-Re_θt转捩模型、层流模型和剪切应力输运（SST）模型,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比.模拟结果表明:层流模型及SST模型不具有预测转捩的能力;γ-Re_θt转捩模型捕捉到了临界雷诺数且摩擦因数相对误差在20%以下.在未达到临界雷诺数之前,通道后部已经出现局部湍流区,且局部湍流区随着雷诺数的增大而增大.壁面摩擦因数的最低点对应的流向位置与通道中前后湍流区的交结位置几乎一致.      

大负荷低压涡轮叶型分离转捩流动的大涡模拟

应用动力模式大涡模拟数值方法,对来流无扰动、不可压、雷诺数为5×104(基于进口速度和轴向弦长),定常来流条件下大负荷低压涡轮叶型(Pak B)叶型吸力面非定常分离转捩流动进行了三维数值模拟。在与相关实验数据的对比基础之上,对非定常流动物理信息进行了详细的分析讨论,揭示了计算来流状态下的Pak B叶型吸力面非定常分离转捩流动机理。结果表明,由无粘Kelvin-Helmholtz机制产生的、空间线性增长的初始二维不稳定性在分离剪切内诱导展向旋涡形成并脱落,脱落过程中的展向涡在非线性增长的三维不稳定性作用下发生变形并最终破碎成湍流。计算得到的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性特征频率处于相关实验测量范围内。     

激励强度对等离子体合成射流的影响

通过在Navier-Stokes方程组中添加体积力源项的方法,模拟了不同激励强度下等离子体合成射流,并研究了激励强度对流场特性的影响。计算结果表明,随着激励强度的增大,激励器附近壁面处的涡量增大,对应的涡对中心诱导的流向速度增大,从而导致涡核更加远离壁面,并被拉伸变长。对于等离子体合成射流的时均流场,其中轴线上的流向速度随着激励强度增大整体变大。在较小的激励强度下,射流半宽度随着激励强度的增大而增大;而激励强度很大时(>6 Dc0),激励强度对半宽度基本没有影响。沿流向的动量通量也随激励强度的增大单调增加。     

基于线性稳定性分析的翼尖涡摇摆机制

在涡不稳定性特征的影响下，翼尖涡会在尾迹中发生摇摆运动。为了揭示翼尖涡摇摆的本质原因以及发展机理，采用体视粒子图像测速（SPIV）技术和线性稳定性分析方法对不同雷诺数和迎角下NACA0015等直翼产生的翼尖涡在尾迹区的不稳定性特征及发展进行研究。结果表明：在1~6倍弦长的尾迹区内，翼尖涡存在摇摆现象，摇摆幅值随流向放大，且摇摆运动沿流向逐渐呈现出各向异性特征；在大迎角条件下，翼尖涡摇摆幅值随流向增长更快。采用线性稳定性分析方法，定量化分析翼尖涡的稳定性、空间/时间不稳定性放大率和扰动频率随流向的发展过程。结果显示，在雷诺数2.1×10⁵~3.5×10⁵范围内，翼尖涡均处于临界稳定状态，扰动频率为3~5 Hz。基于线性稳定性分析结果，发现在大迎角条件下翼尖涡时间/空间不稳定性放大率更大，解释了当迎角增大时翼尖涡摇摆幅值随流向增长更快的现象。另外，由线性稳定性分析得到的最不稳定模态显示翼尖涡的横向速度扰动具有明显的方向性，从而诱导翼尖涡产生摇摆运动；速度扰动方向的周期性变化则使翼尖涡摇摆区别于一维的随机振荡，而是表现为在各方向均含有分量且具有主频的摇摆运动。这种由不稳定性导致的速度扰动是翼尖涡摇摆的内在机制，其不稳定性放大率控制着摇摆幅值的增长速率，而其横向速度扰动的方向性与周期性则决定了翼尖涡的摇摆特征。