Investigations on femtosecond laser-induced surface modification and periodic micropatterning with anti-friction properties on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy

Titanium alloys have a wide application in aerospace industries as it has greater strength and low density, but it has poor tribological properties. To improve its friction and wear performance, in present work, a femtosecond laser is used to directly irradiate the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy surface in air conditioning, which results in localized ablation and the formation of periodic microstructures but also a strong pressure wave, propagating the material inside. Through the optimization of proces...     

A new surface catalytic model for silica-based thermal protection material for hypersonic vehicles

Silica-based materials are widely employed in the thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles, and the investigation of their catalytic characteristics is crucially important for accurate aerothermal heating prediction. By analyzing the disadvantages of Norman's high and low temperature models, this paper combines the two models and proposes an eight-reaction combined surface catalytic model to describe the catalysis between oxygen and silica surface. Given proper evaluation of the parameters according to many references, the recombination coefficient obtained shows good agreement with experimental data. The catalytic mechanisms between oxygen and silica surface are then analyzed. Results show that with the increase of the wall temperature, the dominant reaction contributing to catalytic coefficient varies from Langmuir–Hinshelwood(LH)recombination(TW 620 K) to Eley–Rideal(ER) replacement(620 K TW 1350 K), and then to O2desorption(TW 1350 K). The surface coverage of chemisorption areas varies evidently with the dominant reactions in the high temperature(HT) range, while the surface coverage of physisorption areas varies within quite low temperature(LT) range(TW 250 K). Recommended evaluation of partial parameters is also given.     

Interfacial Properties Modification of Carbon Fiber/ Polyarylacetylene Composites

This work was dedicated to performing surface oxidation and coating treatments on carbon fibers (CF) and investigating the changes of fiber surface properties after these treatments, including surface composition, relative volume of functional groups, and sur- face topography with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atom force microscopy (AFM) technology. The results show that, after oxidation treatments, interfacial properties between CF and non-polar polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin are remarkably modified by removing weak surface layers and increasing fiber surface roughness. Coating treatment by high char phenolic resin solution after oxida- tion makes interface of CF/PAA composites to be upgraded and the interfacial properties further bettered.     

Active and passive compliant force control of ultrasonic surface rolling process on a curved surface

Ultrasonic surface rolling process(USRP) is one of the effective mechanical surface enhancement techniques. During the USRP, unstable static force will easily do harm to the surface quality. In order to achieve a higher surface quality on the part with a curved surface, an active and passive compliant USRP system has been developed. The compliant USRP tool can produce the natural obedience deformation along the part surface. Force control based on the fuzzy Proportional-integral-derivative(PID) ...     

Ground-based Investigations of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Behaviors of Silver and Ion-implanted Silver

Silver foils and ion-implanted silver foils exposed to atomic oxygen (AO) generated in a ground simulation facility were investi-gated by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results show the presence of Ag2O and AgO in an oxidation process of the silver foil having exposure to AO. As soon as silver comes under the bombardment of atomic oxygen, the oxidation process starts with a thick film forming on the silver surface. Because of the development of stresses, the oxide layer gets cracked and spalled, which leads to appearance of a new silver surface intensifying further oxidation. At last, AgO begins to form on the outer surface of the oxide film. The analytical results of the XPS and the AES attest to formation of a continuous high-quality protective oxide-based layer on the surface of ion-implanted silver films after exposure to AO. This layer can well protect materials in question from erosion.     

Numerical simulation on a film-cooled rotating model with 30° injection holes

The flow and heat transfer characteristics were numerically investigated on a film cooling model under different rotating operating conditions.The computational model was originated from the mid-span section of a typical turbine rotor with two rows of 14 staggered injection holes angled 30° both on the suction surface and pressure surface,and the flow through the coolant plenum and all the hole-pipes were resolved as a part of the computational domain by specifying the coolant mass flux in the plenum.The computations primarily focus on under-standing the rotational effect on film cooling performance in mechanism research approach.In the present study,the Reynolds number(Re) based on mainstream velocity and injection hole diameter varied from 1835.5 to 5507.4,and the averaged blowing ratio(M) ranges of 0.5 to 1.5.Results show that the coolant will move on to the high-radius locations near the suction and pressure surfaces due to the strong centrifugal effect,which leads to the decrease in adiabatic effectiveness accordingly.The discharge coefficients(Cd),on the pressure surface,are much higher than that on the suction surface under a given operating condition.In addition,the critical values of angular speed which represent the equilibrium of centrifugal force and Coriolis force near the pressure surface are also presented.      

Experimental investigation of the full coverage film cooling effectiveness of a turbine blade with shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness of two turbine blades at different turbulence intensities(0.62% and 16.00%) and mass flux ratios(2.91%, 5.82%, 8.73% and 11.63%) is studied by using the Pressure-Sensitive Paint(PSP) measurement technique. There are a baseline and an improved turbine blade in current work, and their film cooling hole position distribution is the same. But the hole shape on suction surface and pressure surface is changed from cylindrical hole(baseline)to laid-back fan-shaped hole(im...     

A theoretical model of semi-elliptic surface crack growth

A theoretical model of semi-elliptic surface crack growth based on the low cycle strain damage accumulation near the crack tip along the cracking direction and the Newman–Raju formula is developed. The crack is regarded as a sharp notch with a small curvature radius and the process zone is assumed to be the size of cyclic plastic zone. The modified Hutchinson, Rice and Rosengren(HRR) formulations are used in the presented study. Assuming that the shape of surface crack front is controlled by two critical points: the deepest point and the surface point.The theoretical model is applied to semi-elliptic surface cracked Al 7075-T6 alloy plate under cyclic loading, and five different initial crack shapes are discussed in present study. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is obtained.     

Adaptive dynamic surface control of NSVs with input saturation using a disturbance observer

An adaptive dynamic surface control(DSC)scheme is proposed for the multi-input and multi-output(MIMO)attitude motion of near-space vehicles(NSVs)in the presence of external disturbance,system uncertainty and input saturation.The external disturbance and the system uncertainty are efficiently tackled using a Nussbaum disturbance observer(NDO),and the adaptive controller is constructed by combining the dynamic surface control technique to handle the problem of‘‘explosion of complexity’’inherent in the conventional backstepping method.For handling the input saturation,an auxiliary system is designed with the same order as that of the studied MIMO attitude system.Using the error between the saturation input and the desired control input as the input of the designed auxiliary system,a series of signals are generated to compensate for the effect of the saturation in the dynamic surface control design.It is proved that the developed control scheme can guarantee that all signals of the closed-loop control system are semi-globally uniformly bounded.Finally,simulation results illustrate that the proposed control scheme can achieve satisfactory tracking performance under the composite effects of the input saturation and the external disturbance.     

Experimental and modeling study of surface topography generation considering tool-workpiece vibration in high-precision turning

High-precision turning(HPT) is a main processing method for manufacturing rotary high-precision components, especially for metallic parts. However, the generated vibration between tool tip and workpiece during turning may seriously deteriorate the surface integrity. Therefore,exploring the effect of vibration on turning surface morphology and quality of copper parts using3D surface topography regeneration model is crucial for predicting HPT performance. This developed model can update the machin...     

再入飞行器烧蚀热防护一体化计算方法

针对再入飞行器烧蚀热防护系统烧蚀与瞬态温度耦合响应预测问题,提出了一体化计算方法,为再入飞行器烧蚀热防护设计提供包括气动热、烧蚀后退、瞬态温度响应在内的动态响应预测依据。该方法采用Sutton-Graves和Tauber-Sutton理论计算驻点的对流热流和辐射热流,通过表面能量平衡整合具有较高精度的烧蚀模型,并通过Landau变换简化烧蚀后退带来的节点删除过程并保证空间离散精度,最后求解瞬态有限差分热传导方程获得烧蚀热防护系统的热环境、烧蚀过程和温度响应。通过对比计算碳-碳材料钝头体地球再入过程和酚醛浸渍基碳烧蚀体（PICA）材料电弧风洞烧蚀模拟,对该方法对于不同材料体系的适用性进行了验证。计算结果表明：对于密度较高的碳-碳材料,本文计算结果与经典的热平衡积分法吻合较好,偏差在7%以内;而对于低密度材料（如烧蚀性能对压力高度敏感的PICA材料）,随着热流和压力的增大,预测偏差逐渐增大。所提出的方法实现了气动热、烧蚀、瞬态温度响应耦合过程的一体化计算,在保证精度的前提下实现快速计算分析,为再入飞行器烧蚀热防护设计提供依据。     

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究简

 针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究

针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

A low risk reentry: looking backward to step forward

Low risk reentry vehicles, as recently proposed, may represent the right answer for the future demands of space exploration, Space Station operations, and space tourism. In this paper the low risk features of sharp reentry vehicles are discussed. In particular, the concept of boundary layer thermal protection is illustrated with reference to a three-dimensional nose-cone geometry. The flow field around the fuselage tip is found by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations. The critical aerothermal conditions in the velocity-altitude plane are identified, in terms of the highest temperature surface points that belong to the Thermal Protection System (TPS) (i.e. the stagnation point of the fuselage tip) and to the structural material (i.e. the point at the junction of the TPS with the structure). Typical reentry trajectories for a concept vehicle are computed according to this new descent philosophy, which comply with thermal boundaries. The influence of the chosen aerodynamic solutions on reentry heating and on downranges and crossranges is then discussed.     

Temperature measurements by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in hydrogen-fuelled scramjet combustor

Instantaneous temperature measurements in two dimensional stepped dual-mode hydrogen-fuelled scramjet combustor were performed by the broad-band CARS technique. The experiment consisted of a direct-connect test of a Mach 3 combustor with three fin fuel injectors. The freestream flow was combustion heated to total temperature T_t=1600–1700 K. Temperature measurements with repetition rate of 10 Hz during run duration of 10 s and hydrogen combustion duration of 5 s were carried out at one spatial point located downstream of a rearward-facing step. For scramjet mode of operation (combustion in supersonic flow) the temperatures derived from single shot measurements were in the range 600–900 K. For ramjet mode (combustion in subsonic flow in pseudo-shock) the temperatures increased to 1200–1600 K. The temperature values in the last case were grouped around both 600 K and 1500 K, making the shape of the temperature probability density function bimodal. The nature of such a probability distribution is discussed.     

空间碎片再入烧蚀预测与地面安全评估软件系统

再人航天器解体产生的空间碎片在高速气体加热作用下发生烧蚀,残存碎片对地面造成很大威胁.开发空间碎片再入烧蚀预测与地面安全评估软件系统(DRAPS),建立碎片三自由度(3DOF)弹道模型,在连续流,自由分子流和过渡区流分别采用牛顿流模型、无碰撞分子动理论和桥函数方法进行碎片气动力/气动热预测,利用零维或一维热传导模型模拟...     

Effect of surface blowing on aerodynamic characteristics of tubercled straight wing

Recent research proves that wings with leading-edge tubercles have the ability to perform efficiently in post-stall region over the conventional straight wing. Moreover, the conventional straight wing outperforms the tubercled wing at a pre-stall region which is quintessential. Even though tubercled wing offers great performance enhancement, because of the complexity of the flow, the trough region of the tubercled wing is more prone to flow separation. Henceforth, the present paper aims at surface blowing – an active flow control technique over the tubercled wing to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency by positively influencing its lift characteristics without causing any additional drag penalty. Flow parameters like blowing velocity ratios and the location of blowing were chosen to find the optimised configuration keeping the amplitude and frequency of the leading-edge tubercles constant as 0.12 c and 0.25 c respectively. Numerical investigations were carried out over the baseline tubercled wing and tubercled wing with surface blowing at various blowing jet velocity ratios 0.5, 1 and 2 over four different chordwise locations ranging from 0.3 c to 0.8 c.The results confirm that blowing at various x/c with different blowing velocity ratios performs better than the conventional tubercled wing. Comparatively, blowing velocity ratio 2 at 0.3 c shows peak performance of about 28% enhancement in the lift characteristics relative to the baseline model. Particularly, in the pre-stall region, 25–50% increase in aerodynamic efficiency is evident over the tubercled wing with surface blowing compared with the baseline case. Additionally,attempts were made to delineate the physical significance of the flow separation mechanism due to blowing by visualizing the streamline pattern.     

高超声速黏性干扰相关性参数的修正

为了更精确地将黏性干扰相关性理论应用到实际工程上,基于高超声速平板黏性干扰相关性理论和斜激波理论,针对当前广泛采用的黏性干扰相关性参数(∨)∞进行了修正,建立了气动力关联性更好的参数(∨)∞.采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值方法模拟了航天飞机轨道器外形OV-102在典型状态下的黏性干扰效应,考察了修正后黏性干扰相关性参数(∨)∞对于气动力数据的关联特性.验证结果表明:修正后的黏性干扰相关性参数(∨)∞对于黏性诱导的各气动力数据均有良好的关联特性,并且相比未修正的黏性干扰相关性参数(∨)∞更加有效.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴性能仿真分析

采用正交试验设计方法对富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴设计参数氧压降比、燃氧速度比、氧喷嘴出口壁厚进行组合,数值模拟单喷嘴燃烧室燃烧流场,研究喷嘴设计参数及参数之间的交互作用对燃烧性能和燃烧室热载性能的影响,评价指标为燃烧长度、燃烧室壁面平均燃气温度和喷注面板平均燃气温度.仿真结果表明,燃氧速度比对燃烧与热载有显著影响,氧压降比与氢氧燃氧速度比的交互作用影响明显,分析结果对气-气喷嘴试验设计有重要指导意义.      

Supersonic expansion on non-equilibrium plasmas

In the supersonic expansion of an ionized gas, the dominant factor in describing the atomic processes is the recombination rate constant K_R. Several models describing the recombination process have been reviewed in some detail. It has been found that, depending on the adopted definition, different models will yield different values of K_R for the same electron temperature and number density. A comparison of experimentally and theoretically derived values for K_R has to be done with great care, as in the majority of the experiments K_R is determined from the measured rate of disappearance of free electrons. These measurements give the correct “decay coefficient”, but only in certain circumstances will it reduce to the correct recombination rate. In the light of the important role that K_R plays in any numerical solution of nonequilibrium expansion flow of plasmas, details of experiments on a 15-degree corner expansion flow of ionized argon are given. In these experiments the plasma flow which was generated by driving strong normal shock waves into quiescent argon was studied mainly by optical diagnostics. Using a dual-frequency laser interferometer, the plasma properties around a corner expansion were recorded. The analysis of the interferograms has yielded values for the recombination rate constant as a function of the plasma macroscopic properties. The range of shock Mach number, electron number density, temperature and initial channel pressure and temperature were as follows:

$\text{13 < M, < 19; 10}{}^{16}\text{< n, < 1.5 × 10}{}^{17}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}\text{; 9000°}\text{K}\text{< T < 13,000°}\text{K}\text{; 2.2 < p}{}_1\text{< 10}\text{torr}\text{; T}{}_1\text{? 300°}\text{K}\text{.}$

It was found that the theoretically predicted values for the three-body, electron-ion-electron collisional recombination rate are in good agreement with those measured gasdynamically in a well-defined flow. The measured flow quantities substantiate a previous analysis based on the method of characteristics.