Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras(SA) turbulence model.Numerical methods are validated by a NA...     

基于联合射流的翼型动态失速流动控制研究

动态失速控制对于提高翼型气动特性具有重要意义。采用联合射流方法对翼型俯仰动态失速控制进行数值模拟,完成两方面的研究:一是射流关闭时射流通道对动态失速特性的影响,二是射流开启时不同射流动量系数对动态失速控制的影响和分析。结果表明:射流关闭时,射流通道的存在对翼型上仰过程中附着流阶段的气动特性产生不利影响,使得升力系数明显下降,但是对翼型下俯过程中失速分离流阶段的气动特性影响不明显;射流开启后,动态失速特性得到极大改善,迟滞环面积显著减小,升力增加,阻力减小,且阻力和力矩的峰值显著减小,原基准翼型力矩曲线的负阻尼区域消失。     

通航飞机高升力层流机翼优化设计

为了扩展机翼优化设计的工程应用范围,在传统气动优化约束的基础上,考虑结构布置的几何约束,对通用飞机层流机翼进行了设计。首先,采用自由变形(FFD)技术作外形参数化处理;然后,采用NSGA-Ⅱ多目标优化算法,基于Kriging代理模型对某型通用飞机机翼进行了优化设计。设计过程考虑自然转捩工况,采用Menter k-ωSST两方程湍流模型和γ-Re_(θt)转捩模型对设计进行评估。计算结果表明,优化后机翼的巡航和爬升升阻比均有所提高、层流区延长、低头力矩变小,但最大升力系数减小了0.141,失速特性略有变差。     

大型运输机动力增升喷流效应数值模拟

参照C-17运输机发动机安装位置,考虑内、外涵道分开排气,建立了外吹式襟翼动力增升全机几何分析模型以及相应的巡航构型.采用结构化多块网格技术,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方法,分别对全机增升构型和单独发动机动力喷流进行数值模拟验证,在此基础上对外吹式襟翼动力喷流效应展开研究.对于低速动力增升构型,发动机喷流大部分直接冲刷襟翼下表面而后向下偏转,部分高速气流经襟翼缝道引射并加速后吹向襟翼上表面,两部分气流在襟翼后缘汇合并向下游延伸,喷流冲刷襟翼时存在明显展向横流特征.在动力喷流影响下,不仅襟翼环量大幅增加,缝翼和主翼上的环量也均有所增加,全机可用升力系数和最大升力系数均突破了机械式增升装置的极限,达到4.0以上.同时,全机低头力矩大幅增加,为纵向配平带来额外的压力.对于相应的高速巡航构型,发动机喷流主要影响机翼下表面的压力分布,使得全机升力减小,阻力明显增大.动力增升构型在基本翼设计过程中应充分考虑喷流的影响.      

协同射流流动控制方法研究进展综述

协同射流（CFJ）是一种基于吹吸气技术的新概念流动控制方法,从提出至今逐渐受到广泛关注。本文围绕协同射流的基本原理、基本概念、研究方法及应用研究进展情况进行了较为全面的综述,回顾了协同射流的提出过程,梳理了协同射流基本概念以及风洞实验和数值模拟研究现状,阐述了协同射流方法在翼型/机翼、控制舵面、旋转叶片、概念飞行器设计中的应用研究进展,并提出了协同射流研究中的几个关键问题,可为今后开展协同射流研究提供参考。     

流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响

采用大涡模拟方法、结构化网格建立了低压高负荷透平Pak B叶栅的非稳态数值分析模型,研究了不同流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响.控制前随着雷诺数的减小和气流攻角的增大,叶栅流动分离区域变大,在气流攻角为5°下发生分离未在尾缘前再附的情况.合成射流控制后,不同流动参数下的流动分离都得到了有效的控制,并且在射流偏角为30°时,合成射流控制效果最好.合成射流使叶栅吸力面的流动分离位置推迟,再附位置前移,分离泡尺寸减小,叶栅吸力面的逆压梯度段缩短,吸力面边界层表面的剪切层在向下游迁移的过程中,没有发生充分的抬升,避免了大尺度涡旋的形成,并且很快地黏附于壁面,进而有效地控制了流动分离.      

低雷诺数下机翼气动特性研究及控制

高空长航时无人飞行器(HALE UAV)由于飞行环境空气稀薄、雷诺数低导致其气动性能恶化,如何通过流动控制改善机翼低雷诺数气动性能受到越来越多的关注。在低速风洞中通过测力、测压和边界层测试等试验技术开展了NACA 633-421直机翼模型气动特性试验和流动控制研究。天平测力结果表明:随雷诺数降低(Re<1.4×10⁵)机翼气动特性迅速恶化;最大升力系数损失严重,失速迎角急剧降低;分析翼面压力分布结果显示,机翼表面产生层流分离泡(LSB),其长度变化、位置前移和最终发生破裂的发展过程是导致机翼低雷诺数气动性能恶化的主要原因。采用合成微射流(Micro-SJ)对翼面层流分离泡进行流动控制,失速迎角推迟了11°,机翼最大升力系数由0.59提升至1.10,最大升阻比增加了13.6%。合成微射流控制具有选频特性,驱动频率f=200~400 Hz的合成微射流控制效果最佳,更易促进分离剪切层提前转捩,形成湍流再附,使得层流分离泡长度缩短。     

新型双出口合成射流激励器的流场特征研究

设计了一种新型双出口合成射流激励器,应用非接触粒子图像激光测速技术（PIV）,测试了激励器出口的流场特性,包括瞬态和时均流动结构。结果表明,相比常规合成射流激励器,新型激励器一侧出口呈现为明显抽吸作用,另一侧出口流动带有合成射流流场特征,在出口下游得到一股放大了的单方向射流。新型合成射流激励器单侧出口的抽吸作用,在常规激励器基础上形成新的流体＂微泵＂工作机制,不仅放大了合成射流能量大小,同时实现了不同区域内流体的＂定向输运＂,其外流场特性更加有利于边界层分离、射流矢量偏转等主动流动控制。     

翼吊发动机短舱对三维增升装置的影响及改善措施研究

运用数值模拟方法,结合风洞试验数据,研究了翼吊发动机短舱对于增升装置气动性能的影响以及在发动机短舱的不同位置安装涡流片进行流动控制的效果.结果表明:翼吊发动机短舱挂架与机翼前缘结合处的缝翼缺口及大迎角时绕过短舱的分离气流会对三维增升装置造成不利影响,其主要表现为在主翼上方形成一个很大范围的低速流动区.在发动机短舱适当位置安装涡流片能明显改善增升装置的气动性能.主要机理在于:涡流片在大迎角时产生的强漩涡能向低速区内注入能量,搅动该区域的流动,从而减小低速流动区的范围.但是涡流片的位置必须进行优化,在不适当的位置安装涡流片会进一步恶化增升装置的气动性能.     

侧向控制喷流干扰流场特性数值研究

侧向喷流是导弹在中高空进行姿态控制的重要手段.本文用数值方法求解N-S方程,模拟了二种带侧向喷流控制的喷流与绕流的干扰流场.通过定性流场结构和物面压力分布与实验结果的比较,数值模拟能较好地模拟侧向喷流与外流干扰产生的复杂流场特性.给出了合理的流场结构和干扰气动力特性,表明数值方法可以作为型号侧向喷流控制设计的研究手段.     

等离子体合成射流的理论模型与重频激励特性

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)具有激励强度大、响应速度快等优点,在超声速流动控制领域应用前景广阔。鉴于此,基于传热学和气体动力学的相关理论,建立了考虑喉道内部气流惯性、腔体内外热交换以及吸气恢复阶段的PSJ全周期理论模型,实现了射流速度峰值时刻、吸气过程和振荡过程等关键特性的预测。基于该模型,分析了等离子体合成射流激励器的重复频率工作特点,研究了能量沉积、激励频率和射流孔径对于重频激励特性的影响。重频条件下,激励器存在过渡和稳定两种典型状态。过渡状态下,腔内平均温度不断升高、射流速度峰值逐渐增大。稳定状态下,腔内气体参数呈周期性变化。随着能量沉积和激励频率的增加,激励器腔体内壁温度、射流速度峰值和时均冲力均增加。受腔体材料耐温极限的制约,激励器存在安全工作的参数区间(SOA)。随着孔径的增加,SOA增大,但稳定工作状态下的射流速度峰值和射流持续时间减小。     

高超声速主流中完全气体横向喷流干扰特性研究

运用风洞试验和数值模拟手段,建立了横喷干扰效应研究的基本方法,对小钝双锥模型的完全气体横向喷流干扰问题进行了研究.首先通过试验和计算结果的对比进行方法验证,其次进行了横喷干扰的流动机理和参数影响分析.主要包括以下内容:a.无喷和喷流条件下,流场结构、模型壁面压力分布、气动力特性的试验与数值计算结果比较;b.完全气体横向喷流的气动干扰效应分析;c.攻角、喷流压比、喷流马赫数、来流边界层状态等内、外流参数变化对横向喷流干扰效应的影响分析.     

Effect of surface blowing on aerodynamic characteristics of tubercled straight wing

Recent research proves that wings with leading-edge tubercles have the ability to perform efficiently in post-stall region over the conventional straight wing. Moreover, the conventional straight wing outperforms the tubercled wing at a pre-stall region which is quintessential. Even though tubercled wing offers great performance enhancement, because of the complexity of the flow, the trough region of the tubercled wing is more prone to flow separation. Henceforth, the present paper aims at surface blowing – an active flow control technique over the tubercled wing to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency by positively influencing its lift characteristics without causing any additional drag penalty. Flow parameters like blowing velocity ratios and the location of blowing were chosen to find the optimised configuration keeping the amplitude and frequency of the leading-edge tubercles constant as 0.12 c and 0.25 c respectively. Numerical investigations were carried out over the baseline tubercled wing and tubercled wing with surface blowing at various blowing jet velocity ratios 0.5, 1 and 2 over four different chordwise locations ranging from 0.3 c to 0.8 c.The results confirm that blowing at various x/c with different blowing velocity ratios performs better than the conventional tubercled wing. Comparatively, blowing velocity ratio 2 at 0.3 c shows peak performance of about 28% enhancement in the lift characteristics relative to the baseline model. Particularly, in the pre-stall region, 25–50% increase in aerodynamic efficiency is evident over the tubercled wing with surface blowing compared with the baseline case. Additionally,attempts were made to delineate the physical significance of the flow separation mechanism due to blowing by visualizing the streamline pattern.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of store during lateral jet assisted separation from cavity using free drop technique

Aimed at the problem of store separation from internal cavity, this paper innovatively puts forward a separation scheme of using lateral jet to assist store safe separation. The jet ensures that the store is continuously subjected to down head moment during separation, so as to ensure safe separation. The wind tunnel free drop test technique with lateral jet is established, which can ensure that there is no support interference in the motion process of the store and more truly simulate the motio...     

高超声速流动中侧向喷流干扰特性的实验研究

在高超声速(M=6)流动中,实验研究了侧向喷流的干扰特性,并探讨了喷流压力、攻角、迎风侧及背风侧喷流对侧向喷流干扰特性的影响.结果表明,在高超声速流动中,随喷流压力增大,喷流弓形激波与来流弓形激波相交,喷流前的高压区增大,而喷流后的低压区几乎不受影响,喷流的控制效果加强.与迎风侧喷流相比,背风侧喷流控制效果更好,这一趋势随攻角的增大更加明显.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性

为研究水下超声速过膨胀燃气射流的流场特性,在压力水筒中开展了大扩张比锥形喷管的固体火箭发动机水下点火实验,并基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方法和流体体积（VOF）模型进行数值求解,分析了过膨胀燃气射流与水介质的相互作用过程。研究表明：超声速过膨胀燃气建立射流通道后,射流核心区长度随喷管落压比的减少而减少;射流核心区剧烈振荡,表现为高频的膨胀和收缩,振荡频率随喷管落压比的减小而增加,范围为100~200 Hz;射流边界不断振荡,并伴随波系结构变化,当过膨胀程度较大时,激波进入喷管使其发生流动分离现象,流动分离点周期性往复移动;分离区内压力脉动没有显著的特征频率,主要集中在100~600 Hz的宽频带,锥形喷管水下流动分离的简易判据为喷管出口压力不低于环境背压的0.44倍。     

斜孔式等离子体合成射流激励器静特性的实验

设计了斜孔式等离子体合成射流激励器,采用电参数测量和高速纹影技术研究了其放电特性及瞬态流场特性。实验表明:相较直孔式等离子体合成射流激励器,斜孔式等离子体合成射流激励器的射流流动表现出明显的附壁效应和非对称性,这有利于提高射流对流动分离的控制能力。同时,实验中还观察到了浮力对等离子体高温射流流场演化的影响,特别是在射流演化的末期,其诱导的垂向速度分量显著地改变了射流的最终运动方向。