Non-isothermal creep age forming of Al-Cu-Li alloy: Experiment and modelling

Non-isothermal Creep Age Forming (CAF), including loading, heating, holding, cooling and springback stages, is an advanced forming technique for manufacturing high performance large integral panels at short production period and low cost. However, the creep deformation and aging precipitation during heating stage is often neglected in experiments and modeling, leading to low forming precision. To achieve shape forming and property tailoring simultaneously, a deep understanding of the non-isothermal creep aging behavior and the establishment of predictive models are urgently required. A new five-stage creep feature of Al-Cu-Li alloy during the non-isothermal creep aging is observed. The microstructural interactions between the dislocations, solute atoms, Guinier Preston zones (GP zones) and T₁ precipitates are found to dominate the five-stage creep aging behavior. The physical-based model considering temperature evolution history is established to describe the five-stage creep feature. The springback and yield strength of non-isothermal creep age formed plates with different thicknesses are predicted and compared by non-isothermal CAF experiments and corresponding simulations. The CAF experiments show that the springback and yield strength of the non-isothermal creep age formed plate are 62.1% and 506 MPa, respectively. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed model broadens the application of traditional CAF models that mainly focus on isothermal conditions.     

Dependence of creep age formability on initial temper of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

The initial temper of the material may directly affect the whole creep age forming(CAF)process. In terms of creep deformation and stress relaxation, using the constant-stress creep aging and constant-strain stress relaxation aging tests, the relationship between initial temper and CAF formability is investigated for an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy at 165 °C for 18 h. Three tempers are selected as the initial tempers in CAF, viz., solution, retrogression and re-solution. The CAF formability of this alloy with initial temper of retrogression is the best, and the creep strain of the retrogression tempered specimen after creep aging of 18 h is about 1.21 and 1.34 times than that of the solution and the re-solution tempered specimens, respectively. The calculated stress exponents of this alloy with three initial tempers range from 7.3 to 9.5, indicating that the CAF of this alloy is mainly controlled by the dislocation creep. The various formability for three initial tempers are attributed to different inhibitions of the transgranular precipitates on the dislocation movement. For the retrogression temper, the initial fine and uniformly distributed precipitates are seriously coarsened after6 h of CAF, which minimally inhibit the dislocation movement. While, for the re-solution temper,the fine precipitates are re-precipitated in the matrix of the alloy, which observably hinder the dislocation movement and lead to the worst formability.     

涡扇发动机铝合金碗形件的粘性介质压力成形

涡扇发动机铝合金碗形件由于局部塑性变形较大，采用已有的成形方法得到的零件壁厚局部减薄严重或尺寸精度不满足要求。粘性介质压力成形(VPF)技术采用一种粘性介质作为传力介质，适合于成形该类零件。通过粘性介质压力胀形试验和数值模拟，分析了粘性介质的粘度对铝合金球面碗形件厚度分布及极限成形高度的影响，对涡扇发动机铝合金带凸台碗形VPF件进行了分析。研究结果表明，粘性介质与板材之间的粘性附着应力提高了碗形件厚度分布的均匀性和极限成形高度，随着粘性附着力增大，对带有局部变形较大凸台的碗形件，可以抑制局部壁厚的减薄。采用VPF技术，获得了尺寸和壁厚均合格的涡扇发动机带凸台铝合金碗形件。     

LY12蠕变时效成形机制及回弹规律研究

研究了LY12的蠕变时效成形过程中第二相的析出演变特征,从微观角度分析了蠕变时效成形的强化机制。修正蠕变本构方程并开发为ABAQUS/CREEP,模拟研究了时效时间、时效温度和预弯半径对回弹规律的影响,建立了回弹函数。验证结果表明,回弹函数的计算准确率较高。     

An improved procedure for manufacture of 3D tubes with springback concerned in flexible bending process

Three dimensional (3D) tubes, which possess the characteristics of space saving, lightweight and high strength, are widely used in many high-end industries such as aviation, aerospace, automobile and shipbuilding. However, when manufacturing a 3D tube in flexible bending process, springback is a big obstacle for improving the forming quality. In this paper, a new comprehensive strategy for springback control of 3D tubes is proposed. The strategy can be described as follows: (1) define the desired shape and manufacture shape; (2) optimize the manufacture shape using two tooling design methods (e.g. DA (displacement adjustment) method and B&T (bending and twisting) method presented in this paper); (3) make a discretization of the manufacture shape to acquire the optimized forming parameters. Additionally, experiment is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the new strategy. Results show that forming parameters acquired by the new strategy are partially effective. The new strategy also demonstrates that, during 3D tubes forming, the deviation caused by over-bent elements can be counteracted by the deficient-bent elements. This principle is helpful to reduce the difficulty of parameter determination in future.     

Through-thickness heterogeneity in creep properties of friction stir welding 7B50-T7451 aluminum alloy thick plate joint: Experiments and modeling

Through-thickness heterogeneity in creep properties of 7B50-T7451 aluminum alloy Friction Stir Welding(FSW) joints was investigated. Creep tests for three slices of the FSW joint were conducted at the temperature of 150–200 °C and applied stress of 60–225 MPa. The theta projection method was used to predict creep curves and minimum creep rate. The results show that the minimum creep rate increases and creep rupture life decreases with the increase of creep temperature and applied stress. Creep p...     

S截面框肋类钣金零件回弹量预测与补偿技术研究及应用

根据框肋类钣金零件高效、精确成形的要求,发展了一种S形截面类框肋零件回弹量计算与补偿方法,针对变曲率弯边,通过离散为弯边截面单元,计算每个截面线弯边单元的回弹量和补偿后重构弯边面,对带加强边的内缘弯边,提出考虑修正系数进行补偿的方法,基于现有的CAD平台开发了相应的软件工具;以实际零件为例说明了该方法的应用过程.成形工件测量结果表明,零件弯边角度偏差控制在±1 °之内,实现了在新淬火状态下一步精确成形.     

整体壁板压弯成形的形状控制

针对整体壁板压弯成形过程中由于回弹导致的压弯成形精度低和不可控问题,提出整体壁板压弯成形形状控制方法。以铝合金（7050-T7451）机翼整体壁板为研究对象,设计了整体壁板缩比试件模型,基于弹塑性变形理论和几何分析建立了压弯成形局部变形下压量解析预测模型,基于有限元法建立了压弯成形整体变形有限元仿真预测模型,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比;在压弯成形局部-整体变形预测模型的基础上,综合考虑局部-整体变形精度,利用迭代补偿机制与逐步逼近思想,构建了压弯成形轮廓曲线迭代模型。通过与传统的试错法进行对比,研究结果表明所提方法能够以更高的精度、更快的收敛速度有效控制压弯件的成形形状。     

5A90铝锂合金型材折斜角成形性能的试验研究

型材一次折斜角成形是航空零件制造工艺的重要方法之一。本文通过新研制的5A90铝锂合金型材折斜角成形试验的研究，得到了极限开斜角和闭斜角值，为新机的设计及生产工艺提供了重要的指导依据。     

高温合金与钛合金的激光快速成形工艺研究

对Rene95高温合金及TC4钛合金的激光快速成形工艺进行了较为深入的研究.研究结果发现,和Rene95高温合金相比,激光快速成形TC4钛合金的工艺条件较为苛刻,表现在粉末粒度范围狭窄,要求更高的激光功率密度,成形过程中熔覆组织易于被保护气氛中的O,N,H等杂质元素污染.但是,另一方面,工艺参数选择适当时TC4钛合金在成形过程中不易开裂,因而大尺寸、复杂形状零件的激光快速成形较易实现.     

基于BP人工神经网络喷射成形7055铝合金的本构模型

基于Gleeble热力模拟技术对喷射成形7055铝合金的高温流变应力特征规律进行研究,并构建耦合应变量的唯象型Arrhenius本构方程用以预测合金的流变应力,同时基于BP人工神经网络构建该材料的神经网络型本构方程对比预测流变行为。结果表明:喷射成形7055铝合金的流变应力状况受变形参数的影响较为显著,与变形温度呈负相关,并与应变速率呈正相关。利用两类本构模型预测该合金的流变应力,其中唯象型Arrhenius本构方程的平均相对误差δ值大于2%,该模型的预测误差随变形温度升高呈上升趋势,且在热加工温度区间下(450℃左右),平均绝对误差及平均相对误差达到峰值,较难精准预测该变形区间内合金的流变应力特征。而BP人工神经网络模型的预测准确度更高,平均相对误差δ值仅为0.813%,且具有较高的温度稳定性。     

钛型材热拉弯蠕变成形电参数的计算

本文介绍钛型材热拉弯蠕变成形的主要质量要求及成形过程中电参数的计算方法，分析热拉弯蠕变成形工艺的技术经济效果。     

TC6钛合金整体叶轮数控铣削工艺

为提高ＴＣ６钛合金航空发动机整体叶轮零件曲面数控铣削效率与加工质量,采用正交实验方法,研究并分析了球头铣刀几何参数对零件切削表面硬化层及其后刀面磨损的影响,发现三维曲面铣削时刀具不同的现象,并依此提出了切实可行的ＴＣ６航空发动机整体叶轮零件数控铣削工艺。     

Effect of blank quenching on shear spinning forming precision of 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components

The quenching-spinning (Q-S) process, i.e., shear spinning after blank quenching, has been increasingly utilized to form 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components. However, the changes in material property, shape and stress of the blanks after quenching will affect the spinning forming precision. In this study, the rules and mechanisms of these effects are investigated based on a combined finite element (FE) model including blank quenching and component spinning process. The results indicate that the increase of material strength and the existence of distortion of the quenched blank lead to a notable increase in the non-uniformity of the circumferential compressive stress in the spinning area and the increase of the flange swing height during spinning. These changes result in an increase in the wall thickness and component-mandrel gap of the components. The quenching residual stress has little effect on wall thickness and roundness but can noticeably reduce the component-mandrel gap. This is because that the existence of quenching residual stress of the blank can lead to the decrease of the maximum circumferential compressive stress of the workpiece in spinning and an obvious drop in the maximum compressive stress after reaching the stress peak. Quenching distortion is the main factor affecting the roundness. Moreover, the optimized installation way of the blank for spinning is obtained.     

热处理对激光增材制造TC4合金耐蚀性及室温压缩蠕变性能的影响

随着钛合金装备在航空、航天、航海等领域的使用逐渐增多,其服役环境日益严苛,对构件材料的抗腐蚀性能及室温应力蠕变性能提出了更高要求。针对钛合金耐蚀性及抗压缩蠕变的性能,分析了激光增材制造TC4合金不同热处理状态试样电化学及室温压缩蠕变性能,并结合蠕变曲线修正了蠕变第Ⅰ阶段本构方程的参数。结果表明,双重退火处理会显著减小增材制造TC4钛合金中α板条长径比与尺寸,而固溶时效可使α板条长径比增大、尺寸减小,导致了材料耐蚀性、屈服极限以及抗压缩蠕变性能的变化。沉积态合金经过固溶时效后自腐蚀电流降低64.92%,稳态蠕变应变率降低46.31%,蠕变应变降低50%。而经过双重退火后合金自腐蚀电流降低26.14%,稳态蠕变应变率提升111.20%,蠕变应变提升48.68%。相比于铸锻工艺制备TC4合金蠕变本构方程,修正后的拟合系数与蠕变曲线吻合度更高。     

工艺参数对铝合金摩擦挤压增材组织及性能的影响

采用6061-T651铝合金圆棒进行摩擦挤压增材制造(friction extrusion additive manufacturing,FEAM)工艺实验研究,探讨和分析不同主轴转速对单道双层增材试样的增材成形、组织特征和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:对给定横向移动速度300 mm/min,采用主轴转速为600 r/min和800 r/min均能获得完全致密无任何内部缺陷、厚度分别为2 mm和4 mm的单道双层增材试样,增材整体由细小等轴晶粒组成,增材层间实现冶金连接;800 r/min下工具轴肩的摩擦挤压作用降低,增材层间结合界面呈平直状,塑化金属流动不充分,沉积层宽度较窄、表面成形更粗糙;600 r/min下结合界面经历的塑性变形和热循环更为显著,晶粒细化至6.0μm,但增材界面区软化程度较严重,硬度仅为增材棒料母材的52.7%~56.2%,而800 r/min下界面区的硬度能够达到母材的56.0%~61.3%;在600 r/min和800 r/min下,增材试样均具有优良的综合力学性能,抗拉强度分别达到增材棒料母材6061-T651的66%和70%,而断后伸长率明显较高,分别为母材的212%和169%;与目前其他增材工艺力学性能比较均具有明显的优势。     

AZ31镁合金板热成形中的屈服和损伤:本构实现与数值分析

为了准确预测各向异性镁合金板的成形质量,将改进的GTN损伤模型与各向异性拉压不对称的CPB06屈服本构耦合,并考虑了屈服面形状随塑性应变累积的变化,得到了考虑本构参数随塑性应变演化的各向异性屈服CPB06-GTN损伤模型。基于该模型,在ABAQUS/Explict中编译得到了相应的VUMAT子程序,采用单个单元进行了单轴拉伸和压缩模拟,并通过与实验一致性对比验证了子程序的正确性。使用子程序不仅能够模拟镁合金的各向异性屈服及其不规则的硬化,同时也能够模拟镁合金的损伤破坏。此外,采用编写的子程序进行了热拉深成形的数值模拟,模拟预测与实验结果对比表明,采用各向异性损伤模型的计算结果能够准确预测镁合金的变形及其损伤破坏,模拟结果与实验数据吻合;采用合适的压边力和成形的温度条件及非等温成形方法能够提高镁合金的成形性。     

超硬铝合金的微观组织和力学性能的研究

超硬铝合金是飞机制造业中广泛应用的一种结构材料,但目前对于国产和进口超硬铝合金板材的组织与性能之间的差异尚不清楚.为此,针对国产7B04超硬铝合金板材以及具有相同化学成分的俄罗斯进口B95ПЧ超硬铝合金板材分别进行了微观组织观察、室温拉伸性能测试,确定了国产7B04和俄罗斯进口B95ПЧ超硬铝合金板材的室温抗拉强度、屈服强度、断裂延伸率,并主要针对国产7B04和俄罗斯进口B95ПЧ超硬铝合金板材在工业状态下的微观组织、室温力学性能进行了比较.     

2060铝锂合金冷模热成形界面换热系数确定的实验与算法

2060铝锂合金具有密度低、比强度高等优势,在航空航天零件制造领域已得到广泛应用。通过冷模热成形工艺可以提高2060铝锂合金成形性,减少开裂、拉毛、回弹等缺陷的发生,后续时效处理可以提高零件整体刚度。然而在实际成形过程中缺乏对温度场的准确预测,即缺乏2060铝锂合金在变压强下界面换热行为的准确描述,无法对成形效果进行评估。本文利用冷模热成形界面换热测试平台,对不同压强下2060铝锂合金与H13热作模具钢的换热行为进行测试研究,基于考虑模具钢变热物性参数的显式有限差分法反算模具表面温度,计算得到不同压强下的界面换热系数,并与Beck反传热算法进行对比,两者计算结果相近。实验结果显示2060铝锂合金IHTC随压强增大而增大,在20 MPa下IHTC=1.906 6 kW/（m²·K）。改进的有限差分法具有计算效率高、速度快、反映实际模具内部温度场、误差较低等优点,可拓展应用于其他薄板材料在冷模热成形条件下的界面换热系数求解。     

Towards intelligent design optimization: Progress and challenge of design optimization theories and technologies for plastic forming

Plastic forming is one of enabling and fundamental technologies in advanced manufacturing chains. Design optimization is a critical way to improve the performance of the forming system, exploit the advantages of high productivity, high product quality, low production cost and short time to market and develop precise, accurate, green, and intelligent (smart) plastic forming technology. However, plastic forming is quite complicated, relating to multi-physics field coupling, multi-factor influence, multi-defect constraint, and triple nonlinear, etc., and the design optimization for plastic forming involves multi-objective, multi-parameter, multi-constraint, nonlinear, high-dimensionality, non-continuity, time-varying, and uncertainty, etc. Therefore, how to achieve accurate and efficient design optimization of products, equipment, tools/dies, and processing as well as materials characterization has always been the research frontier and focus in the field of engineering and manufacturing. In recent years, with the rapid development of computing science, data science and internet of things (IoT), the theories and technologies of design optimization have attracted more and more attention, and developed rapidly in forming process. Accordingly, this paper first introduced the framework of design optimization for plastic forming. Then, focusing on the key problems of design optimization, such as numerical model and optimization algorithm, this paper summarized the research progress on the development and application of the theories and technologies about design optimization in forming process, including deterministic and uncertain optimization. Moreover, the applicability of various modeling methods and optimization algorithms was elaborated in solving the design optimization problems of plastic forming. Finally, considering the development trends of forming technology, this paper discusses some challenges of design optimization that may need to be solved and faced in forming process.