Comments on "The GYROLITE: A New Generation Synchronous Satellite"

The effectiveness of the GYROLITE attitude stabilization is discussed on the basis of the basic mathematical equations in [1], and an avenue towards improved performance is indicated.     

Comments on "Computationally Efficient Bank of Rectangular Digital Filters"

In [1] a scheme for forming a rectangular FIR filter bank is described using only a few percent of the number of multiplications required by straightforward procedures. The sidelobe level suffers degradation. Attention is drawn to a different scheme published in [2] and [3] which needs even fewer multiplications without degradationvof the sidelobe level.     

Comments on "on Probability of Error in Decision Feedback Equalizer"

The above-mentioned paper [1] derives bounds on the error probability of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) which are claimed to be significantly tighter than the earlier upper bound of [2]. Unfortunately, [1] makes an unsupportable assumption which reddars the conclusions incorrect. We show that valid bounds can be obtained by the methods of [1], but that for the numerical example of [2] , the resulting upper bound is never tighter than, and sometimes significantly weaker than, that derived in [2]. Similarly, a lower bound derived by the method of [1] is shown for the same numerical example to be very close to the error-free past lower bound previously known.     

Comments on "Angular Spectra in Radar Applications"

In [1], we proposed using "data adaptive" spectrum estimation techniques (e.g., maximum likelihood and maximum entropy) for radar problems such as separating low angle returns from ground reflections. W. White suggests [2] that these techniques will be of little value due to the correlation between the various received signals. In this rebuttal, we present additional conceptual arguments, simulation results and field data which support the utility of the techniques set forth in [1].     

Line-of-sight pointing stability for "drifting" satellites

Explored here is the feasibility of a new attitude control approach for satellites in high altitude elliptic orbits, in order to compensate for the effect of longitudinal periodic drift relative to the ground station. A simple attitude control technique using tethers has been proposed for achieving the fixed apparent satellite orientation with respect to the ground segment of the space mission. Combining the proposed feedback tether length control law with the analytically developed open-loop control policy results in a significant improvement of the controller performance. To illustrate implementation of the proposed concept, the particular case of 24 h elliptic orbits has been considered. A high degree of satellite pointing along the drifting line-of-sight made possible even with modest tether lengths makes the concept particularly attractive.     

Comments on: "Design of MTI Radar on the Basis of Detection Probability"

The main comment of the above paper [1] is that radar integration after MTI processing is not taken into account. For this reason, its numerical results (and curves) show processing losses much higher than practical values. The latter can be obtained in a relatively easy way by means of a computer simulation of the entire signal processor.     

On-board correction of systematic error of Earth sensors

Infrared Earth sensors are used in spacecraft for attitude sensing. Their accuracy is limited by systematic and random errors. Dominant sources of systematic errors are analyzed for a typical scanning infrared Earth sensor used in a remote-sensing satellite in a 900-km Sun-synchronous orbit. The errors considered arise from seasonable variation of infrared radiation; oblate shape of the Earth; ambient temperature of sensors; changes in spin/scan period; and misalignment of the axis of the sensors. Simple relations are derived using least-squares curve fitting for onboard correction of these errors. With these, it is possible to improve the accuracy of attitude determination by eight fold and achieve performance comparable to ground-based post-facto attitude computation     

Reconstructed Flight Control Sensor Signals Via Luenberger Observers

The feasibility of providing flight control systems with software-managed redundancy is investigated. It is shown that sufficient information can be extracted from aircraft attitude sensors to allow analytic reconstruction of the stability augmentation system (SAS) sensor signals in the event of SAS sensor failures. The sensor signal reconstruction is performed in a deterministic setting by using a Luenberger observer. A simple and efficient design procedure is presented based on Gopinath's [1] work. As an illustrative example, the proposed sensor signal reconstruction technique is exercised on the L-1011 aircraft lateral axis rigid body simulation. It is shown that with an accurate airframe model perfect reconstruction is feasible. In addition, it is also shown via simulation results that with imperfect knowledge of the airframe model (based on standard wind tunnel data), the proposed reconstruction is accurate enough to have a negligible impact on the overall aircraft performance.     

Application of GPS to space vehicles: analysis of space environmentand errors

GPS based systems become extremely competitive for space applications because of their all-weather capabilities and continual information on position, velocity, precise time and even attitude to increase mission effectiveness, reduce mission cost, minimize requirements of on-board devices. In this paper, space application environment and error sources have been systematically analyzed, including geometric location of user with GPS satellites, dynamic state, physical environment and the effects on positioning accuracy. Several special differential GPS technologies to space use are proposed     

柔性太阳翼在轨热分析

卫星的太阳电池翼在轨的温度状况对其性能和可靠性有着重要的影响。相比于刚性太阳翼,柔性太阳翼有着质量轻,综合性能好,结构也较简单等优点。在考虑了地球红外辐射,地球的太阳反照,太阳辐射加热的前提下,以柔性太阳翼为研究对象,利用I-DEAS TMG建立2种太阳电池有限元模型,分析了柔性太阳翼厚度方向的温差,以及不同太阳高度和工作状态对其在轨温度场的影响。分析结果表明,当飞行器绕轨道飞行进入第2个周期后,太阳电池温度场呈现周期变化特性;柔性太阳翼正反两面温度几乎一致,不会因为厚度方向的温差引起热应力;0°太阳高度角分流状态太阳电池温度最高,温度变化最为剧烈;66°太阳高度角工作状态,太阳电池的温度最低,温度变化最为缓慢;电池板面内温差极小。     

机载卫星通信天线引导概率分析

针对某机载Ka频段卫星通信天线的使用环境,论述其天线角跟踪系统在捷联航姿设备引导下,天线主波束指向卫星目标位置的概率,分析影响天线角跟踪系统引导概率的主要因素,通过消减系统中大误差源保证了天线引导概率,通过扩展主波束指向空域提高了目标落入概率。计算数据和试验验证表明,给出的分析方法可行,设计策略有效。     

捷联惯导姿态算法中的圆锥误差与量化误差

对捷联惯导系统的误差源进行了研究,利用几何方法分析了不可交换性误差和量化误差的形成机理,以及它们的相互影响。针对工程应用中激光陀螺输出脉冲采样量化条件,就多子样算法进行了讨论,并设计了基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真。研究结果表明,当考虑量化误差的影响时,选取适当的量化因子,三子样等效旋转矢量算法比其它算法具有更好的综合性能。     

Weapons System Open Architecture - a bridge between "embedded" and "off-board"

A demonstration program is described: Weapons System Open Architecture (WSOA) - funded jointly by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), DARPA, and the Open Systems Joint Task Force (OSJTF). WSOA provides an open systems "bridge" between legacy embedded mission systems and off-board C3I sources and systems. This "bridge" is used to support Internet-like connectivity between command and attack nodes. The foundation of this bridge is the creation of a Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) layer over Link 16. In addition, application of quality of service techniques and resource management technologies will ensure the timely exchange and processing of mission critical information by both attack and command nodes in even the most time-sensitive situations.     

A. M. Hubert and C. Jaschek (eds.), B[e] Stars

The B[e] stars are early type stars with hydrogen emission lines, forbidden [FeII] and [OI] emission lines, and with an IR excess due to circumstellar dust. These properties may occur in stars of quite different evolutionary stages. In fact, the group of B[e] stars is very inhomogeneous, and contains pre-main sequence stars, supergiants with disks, compact planetary nebulae, symbiotic stars, and a group of stars with unclear evolutionary phase. The book gives the proceedings of a workshop in Paris in 1997 in which the properties and evolutionary phases of the B[e] stars are discussed. It contains chapters on: (1) the definition of B[e] stars, (2) distances, kinematics and the distribution in our Galaxy, (3) spectroscopy, (4) infrared properties, (5) photometry, polarimetry and variability, (6) models for winds and disks, (7) evolutionary stages, (8) revised classification of B[e] stars. The book ends with an object list of all B[e] stars. The book is very useful for students and researchers of hot star winds and gives nice overviews of the observations and theories and remaining puzzles of these strange objects with winds and outflowing dust-forming disks. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Note on Satellite Dynamics

It is demonstrated here that inertial differentiation of angular momentum-is independent of the choice of the moving reference coordinate system. The results agree with Greensite [1] and contradict Sen's results [2] by indicating a basic error in his derivation. However, Sen's step [2] is correct.     

多向铺层碳/环氧复合材料特性及声发射分析

 本文对六种多向铺层的碳纤维增强环氧复合材料的拉伸破坏性能进行了研究,并采用声发射技术监测其损伤扩展过程,分析了它们的破坏机理。 新型的高性能碳纤维增强环氧复合材料应用于宇航、机械及体育器具等,由于工作条件及受力情况是复杂的,采用多向铺层才能满足受拉、压、弯、剪、扭等不同载荷的分别组合,具体铺层设计要针对主要承力情况来确定。多向铺层复合材料的损伤破坏比单向铺层的情况复杂,更需要采用试验的手段来研究它们的力学性能和破坏机理。在非破坏性测试中声发射技术的特点在于能够配合加载装置在进行试验过程中检测并记录复合材料的破坏过程,而且不移动探头的位置即可监测材料的较大区域,因此应用愈来愈多。声发射技术是利用材料或构件受力变形或损伤过程中应变释放产生弹性波这一原理来检测材料的缺陷、退化和破坏,评定材料的性能。声发射技术可以检测复合材料的剪切破坏及拉伸屈服破坏、分层及纤维断裂、粘接强度等。 本工作对六种多向铺层碳/环氧复合材料（包括0/90、±45°、30/60和三种碳布）进行拉伸试验,确定了它们的强度、模量、最大应变率及泊松比,给出六种不同铺层的应力应变关系以及声发射信号量的关系。采用声发射技术配合显微镜观测手段分析不同铺层的碳/环氧材料的声发射表征     

碳纤维复合材料层压板低速冲击试验研究

为研究复合材料不同铺层结构的抗冲击性能,采用碳纤维预浸料制备了单向[0°]8和正交[0/90]2s铺层2种不同结构的碳纤维复合材料层压板,并使用Instron 9250落锤冲击测试仪测试其低速冲击性能,得到了载荷-时间曲线,分析了2种不同铺层方式的复合材料层压板的低速冲击加载力学性能,得到复合材料层压板的破坏形态来分析其破坏方式。结果表明:2种铺层方式产生了不同的破坏模式,正交[0/90]2s的复合材料层压板的抗低速冲击能力要优于单向[0°]8铺层的。     

基于直接升力与动态逆的舰尾流抑制方法

在复杂的作战和着舰环境下,舰尾气流扰动是着舰误差的最主要来源之一。如果在着舰下滑阶段利用直接升力控制（DLC）的快速性和解耦性能力,可以极大地减轻飞行员着舰操纵负担并且提高着舰最后阶段对舰尾流的抑制能力。从航迹调节和姿态稳定的解耦角度出发,提出在非线性动态逆（NDI）控制框架下实现基于直接升力的着舰控制律方法,并通过建立含有舰尾流扰动的E-2C全量飞机仿真模型进行验证。结果表明：在非线性动态逆控制中引入直接升力的舰载机着舰控制律,可以实现在着舰下滑阶段姿态稳定的同时,通过直接升力快速解耦调节航迹误差,并且在引入舰尾流干扰的情况下,具有快速修正下滑倾角误差、抑制舰尾流干扰的能力,最终达到显著提高着舰精度的效果。     

Al-Cu-Mg合金中时效相S′的二次衍射效应研究

本文利用透射电镜研究了Al-Cu-Mg合金中S′相及S相在铝基体基本带轴上的复合衍射花样。选区衍射表明,由S′相相对于铝基体存在的12种变体及其二次衍射效应构成了复合衍射图。铝基体[112]带轴的近似三等分点是由S′相的[914]带轴及二次衍射造成,并与S’相的<101>、<110>强衍射构成了复合衍射花样;铝基体[111]带轴主要由S′相的<514>强衍射构成;铝基体[111]带轴主要由S′相的<013>和<021>强衍射构成。     

Effect of hygrothermal aging on moisture diffusion and tensile behavior of CFRP composite laminates

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in aircraft structures, because of their superior mechanical and lightweight properties. CFRP composites are often exposed to hygrothermal environments in service. Temperature and moisture can affect the material properties of composites. In order to make clear the moisture diffusion behavior and the properties degradation of composites, the TG800/E207 composite laminates with four stacking sequences [0]₁₆, [90]₁₆, [±45]_4s, and [(+45/0/0/–45)_s]_s are designed and manufactured. Moisture absorption tests are carried out at 80 ℃, 90 %RH. It is shown that the moisture absorption curves of composite laminates present a three-stage. A modified Fickian model was proposed to capture the diffusion behavior of TG800/E207 composite laminates. The relationships among the non-Fickian parameters, the environmental parameters and the stacking sequences of CFRP were correlated and compared. Results showed that the modified Fickian curve is sensitive to the diffusivity of Stage I and Stage II. Compared with unaged specimens, the maximum tensile stress for [0]₁₆, [90]₁₆, [±45]_4s, and [(+45/0/0/–45)_s]_s decreased by 14.94 %, 28.15 %, 11.96 %, and 26.36 %, respectively. The strains at failure for [0]₁₆, [90]₁₆, [±45]_4s, and [(+45/0/0/–45)_s]_s decreased by 55.38 %, 62.65 %, 46.41 %, and 31.71 %, respectively. The elastic modulus for [0]₁₆, [90]₁₆, [±45]_4s, and [(+45/0/0/–45)_s]_s increased by 90.93 %, 94.57 %, 49.22 %, and 8.22 %, respectively. [90]₁₆ sample has the minimum saturated moisture content and the maximum strength degeneration.