Covariance matrix estimation errors and diagonal loading inadaptive arrays

Simulations were used to investigate the effect of covariance matrix sample size on the system performance of adaptive arrays using the sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithm. Inadequate estimation of the covariance matrix results in adapted antenna patterns with high sidelobes and distorted mainbeams. A technique to reduce these effects by modifying the covariance matrix estimate is described from the point of view of eigenvector decomposition. This diagonal loading technique reduces the system nulling capability against low-level interference, but parametric studies show that it is an effective approach in many situations     

STAP中采样支持问题研究

在机载雷达空时二维自适应处理 (STAP)中 ,足够数量的IID采样数据才可以构成杂波相关矩阵的有效估计 ,而实际雷达工作环境中的采样数总是有限的 针对这一问题 ,提出了将前后平均 ,对角加载 ,与降维处理相结合来降低采样数目要求 ,解决采样支持问题的方案 ,并进行了理论分析与仿真。显然 ,通过采用适当的降维处理与前后平均及对角加载相结合 ,所需采样数最多可降低到仅用 3～ 5个     

Space-time autoregressive filtering for matched subspace STAP

Practical space-time adaptive processing (STAP) implementations rely on reduced-dimension processing, using techniques such as principle components or partially adaptive filters. The dimension reduction not only decreases the computational load, it also reduces the sample support required for estimating the interference statistics. This results because the clutter covariance is implicitly assumed to possess a certain (nonparametric) structure. We demonstrate how imposing a parametric structure on the clutter and jamming can lead to a further reduction in both computation and secondary sample support. Our approach, referred to as space-time autoregressive (STAR) filtering, is applied in two steps: first, a structured subspace orthogonal to that in which the clutter and interference reside is found, and second, a detector matched to this subspace is used to determine whether or not a target is present. Using a realistic simulated data set for circular array STAP, we demonstrate that this approach achieves significantly lower signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) loss with a computational load that is less than that required by other popular approaches. The STAR algorithm also yields excellent performance with very small secondary sample support, a feature that is particularly attractive for applications involving nonstationary clutter.     

Optimal and adaptive reduced-rank STAP

This paper is concerned with issues and techniques associated with the development of both optimal and adaptive (data dependent) reduced-rank signal processing architectures. Adaptive algorithms for 1D beamforming, 2D space-time adaptive processing (STAP), and 3D STAP for joint hot and cold clutter mitigation are surveyed. The following concepts are then introduced for the first time (other than workshop and conference records) and evaluated in a signal-dependent versus signal independent context: (1) the adaptive processing “region-of-convergence” as a function of sample support and rank, (2) a new variant of the cross-spectral metric (CSM) that retains dominant mode estimation in the direct-form processor (DFP) structure, and (3) the robustness of the proposed methods to the subspace “leakage” problem arising in many real-world applications. A comprehensive performance comparison is conducted both analytically and via Monte Carlo simulation which clearly demonstrates the superior theoretical compression performance of signal-dependent rank-reduction, its broader region-of-convergence, and its inherent robustness to subspace leakage     

低韦伯数非牛顿射流撞击破碎直接数值模拟

非牛顿射流的撞击破碎在液体火箭推进系统中被广泛用于燃料的喷注雾化,然而人们对其破碎物理机制却知之甚少。本文将采用基于液体体积法的直接数值模拟(DNS)工具,研究夹角为90°的2个等直径低韦伯数射流撞击现象,并分析二者形成的单一对角射流特征及其破碎机理。研究结果表明,撞击形成的单一对角射流直径较原射流直径大1.66倍,并在头部形成液滴诱导破碎的发生。除了头部破碎,在对角射流的发展过程中还观察到一类液柱破碎,表现为射流表面不稳定波不断发展形成新的弯曲波破碎,并产生卫星液滴及液滴的融合。伴随两股射流撞击的发生,气液两相交界面的面积也不断减小,同时,射流内部的黏性也不断变化,在本文的低雷诺数和低韦伯数条件下,流体内部黏性系数变化超过10%。     

A Note on the Ambiguity of Troposcatter Aircraft Interference Patterns

Earlier investigators of troposcatter propagation phenomena have suggested that aircraft-created interference patterns observed at the receiving site can be used to measure aircraft motion within and near the common volume region. A simplified signal and scattering model is used to show that these interference signatures are ambiguous unless prior knowledge of the aircraft trajectory is available.     

Fast converging adaptive processor or a structured covariance matrix

The use of adaptive linear techniques to solve signal processing problems is needed particularly when the interference environment external to the signal processor (such as for a radar or communication system) is not known a priori. Due to this lack of knowledge of an external environment, adaptive techniques require a certain amount of data to cancel the external interference. The number of statistically independent samples per input sensor required so that the performance of the adaptive processor is close (nominally within 3 dB) to the optimum is called the convergence measure of effectiveness (MOE) of the processor. The minimization of the convergence MOE is important since in many environments the external interference changes rapidly with time. Although there are heuristic techniques in the literature that provide fast convergence for particular problems, there is currently not a general solution for arbitrary interference that is derived via classical theory. A maximum likelihood (ML) solution (under the assumption that the input interference is Gaussian) is derived here for a structured covariance matrix that has the form of the identity matrix plus an unknown positive semi-definite Hermitian (PSDH) matrix. This covariance matrix form is often valid in realistic interference scenarios for radar and communication systems. Using this ML estimate, simulation results are given that show that the convergence is much faster than the often-used sample matrix inversion method. In addition, the ML solution for a structured covariance matrix that has the aforementioned form where the scale factor on the identity matrix is arbitrarily lower-bounded, is derived. Finally, an efficient implementation is presented.     

Computerized Medical Devices: Trends, Problems, and Safety

Virtually all of the medical devices utilizing electronics will contain a micro or minicomputer by 1990. These devices accounted for $7 billion in U.S. sales in 1984. Their capabilities can provide the means for new or greatly improved medical procedures, and ensure greater patient safety. However, these benefits can easily be compromised if ``computer safety' is not practiced in the design, manufacturing, testing and clinical use of these devices. Along with a trend to wider usage, the number of recalls of medical devices due to computer-related problems has approximately doubled in the last five years. ``Computer-caused' problems are often not recognized or reported as such, resulting in an underestimation of the prevalence of this type of problem. Our study of technical factors causing problems in computerized devices revealed that software quality assurance (SQA), the quality of the ac power, and electromagnetic interference are primary factors. Selected design and QA techniques that are well-known in military-aerospace industries can be used to prevent the most prevalent problems occurring in computerized medical devices, without significantly affecting overall device manufacturing costs.     

指尖封严磨损特性及其对泄漏影响的试验

对间隙、过渡、过盈3种配合的指尖封严的磨损特性及其对泄漏的影响进行了试验研究,分析了不同配合状态下封严件与转子的磨损现象、磨损长度以及封严泄漏系数的分布.试验结果表明:封严磨损随封严与转子相对滑动距离增大而增加;间隙配合状态下,封严出现局部磨损,磨损及其对泄漏的影响主要发生试验初始阶段;过盈配合时,封严件整体均出现磨损,且磨损发生在整个试验阶段,磨损对泄漏的影响在初始阶段较大、之后逐渐减小;封严的间隙越小(过盈量越大),磨损对泄漏影响越大.      

A review of out-of-ground-effect propulsion-induced interference on STOVL aircraft

This paper provides a review of the out-of-ground-effect propulsion-induced interference on the aerodynamics of jet-lift short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft. Two main flight regimes are discussed; hover and transition wherein the main fluid dynamics phenomena that cause the interference are presented. Where possible, an engineering assessment is made of the effect of jet and/or airframe configuration parameters on the observed interference effects.     

Effects of output filter on cross regulation in SRC

Cross regulation performance of multioutput series resonant converter (SRC) topologies using capacitive or inductive filters is analyzed. The steady state cross regulation characteristics are derived using the state-plane techniques and are illustrated by the examples of two-output SRCs with capacitive and inductive filters. The characteristic curves show that over some range of output currents, the cross regulation performance of an SRC with an inductive filter is much improved over the SRC with capacitance filter and less dependent on the tolerances in leakage inductances and the loading on unregulated outputs. It is shown that the converter control characteristics of an SRC with an inductive filter are relatively unaffected by the addition of the second output. The theoretical results are verified by simulation     

基于损伤力学的干涉配合连接结构寿命预测方法

铆接连接件疲劳破坏常出现在铆钉孔周,现阶段常采用干涉配合提高铆接连接件疲劳寿命。以干涉配合铆接连接件为研究对象,采用连续介质损伤力学方法,研究其在循环载荷作用下疲劳破坏特性。通过APDL语言对ANSYS软件进行二次开发,建立了结构疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的损伤力学——有限元法,可以预估干涉配合铆接连接件的疲劳寿命。计算了典型铆接件的疲劳寿命,并与SWT临界平面法预估的疲劳寿命进行对比,验证损伤力学——有限元法的准确性。     

两种自适应方向图峰值副瓣控制方法比较

自适应阵列（或称自适应波束形成）目前已广泛应用到雷达、声纳和通信领域中用来抑制各种干扰（有意的干扰，杂波干扰和多用户干扰等）。在雷达应用中，为了减轻脉冲欺骗式干扰或旁瓣目标并利用单脉冲雷达来准确测量目标波达方向．要求自适应方向图具有低副瓣和稳定的主瓣形状。在实际应用中，各种失配误差将降低自适应阵列的性能．这些误差包括由于目标的波达方向不精确引起的信号指向误差，由通道失配和位置扰动引起的阵列校准误差和由小样本教引起的协方差矩阵估计误差。在此情况下，自适应波束形成的性能大大下降（干扰抑制性能变差。主瓣失真和高的副瓣）。已提出了一种基于二次约束的集成峰值副瓣控制（integrated peak sidelobe control，简称IPSC）方法。该方法可以精确地控制峰值副瓣电平并产生具有稳定的主瓣形状的自适应方向图。研究IPSC中目标信号的影响和信号消除方案以进一步提高IPSC的性能。并将IPSC方法和最新提出的基于二阶锥规划（second-order cone programming，简称SOCP）的分布式峰值副瓣控制（distfibuted peak sidelobe control，简称为DPSC）新方法在性能上进行了比较。仿真结果表明。在干扰抑制性能和方向图控制质量方面IPSC比DPSC性能优越。此外IPSC比DPSC计算高效。     

Partially Adaptive STAP using the FRACTA Algorithm

A partially adaptive space-time adaptive processor (STAP) utilizing the recently developed FRACTA algorithm is presented which significantly reduces the high computational complexity and large sample support requirements of fully adaptive STAP. Multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are employed to transform the data prior to application of the FRACTA algorithm. The FRACTA algorithm is a reiterative censoring (RC) and detection algorithm which has been shown to provide excellent detection performance in nonhomogeneous interference environments. Two multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are considered: PRI-staggered and adjacent-bin. The partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is applied to the KASSPER I (Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal Processing & Expert Reasoning) challenge datacube. The pulse repetition interval (PRI)-staggered approach with D=6 filters per Doppler bin is found to provide the best detection performance, outperforming the fully adaptive case while simultaneously reducing the runtime by a factor of ten. Using this implementation, partially adaptive FRACTA detects 197 out of 268 targets with one false alarm. The clairvoyant processor (the covariance matrix for each range cell is known) detects 198 targets with one false alarm. In addition, the partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is shown to be resilient to jamming, and performs well for reduced sample support situations. When compared with partially adaptive STAP using traditional sliding window processing (SWP), the runtime of partially adaptive FRACTA is 14 times faster, and the detection performance is significantly increased (SWP detects 46 out of 268 targets with one false alarm).     

信道状态信息指纹定位算法性能评价方法研究

基于WiFi的定位技术大多使用接收信号强度,但该方法受多径和噪声干扰较大,精度有待提高。信道状态信息(channel state information, CSI)能够更加精细地描述信道状态,具有更强的稳定性。将CSI作为格点特征建立指纹定位数据库,利用该指纹库和在线测量数据,比较了多种定位算法在位置指纹法中的定位效果,并提出了评价KNN、wKNN和随机森林算法的一种评价依据和样本容量扩充方法,分析了三种方法随样本容量增加时定位时间和定位精度的稳定性,从包含定位精度在内的多种角度更加全面地评估了三种方法。结果表明,在以上三种定位算法中,随机森林算法的定位时间与定位精度的稳定性最好。     

Satellite mobile communications spread-spectrum receiver

Since 1999, ESA has conducted a number of system studies and technological developments to support the European and Canadian industry in the definition of a Satellite UMTS (S-UMTS) component development strategy, identifying critical technological areas and promoting S-UMTS demonstrations. In particular, the MUSIC project has successfully demonstrated advanced digital signal processing techniques to mitigate CDMA interference in spread-spectrum receivers, thus increasing the capacity and/or quality of service of a wireless communication network. The low-complexity solution for interference mitigation investigated and developed in the project is particularly suited for being implemented in mobile terminals.     

基于RTW和嵌入式操作系统VxWorks的飞控系统半物理仿真实现

提出一个飞控系统半物理仿真方案。仿真系统基于嵌入式实时操作系统VxWorks，使用RTW工具箱将飞机的Simulink仿真模型下载到PCI04计算机平台，提高了半物理仿真的效率和可靠性。设计开发支持PC104嵌入式计算机的VxWorks板载支持包，研究RTW的代码生成过程，解决了实现该方案的关键技术。     

汽车风洞支撑干扰扣除方法研究

借鉴航空风洞镜像法原理,提出一种针对汽车风洞支撑气动干扰扣除的方法。在汽车风洞中完成汽车模型和天平支撑连接或分离的两次风洞试验,得到了汽车模型的气动力和支撑对汽车模型的干扰力之和。为了扣除模型支撑对汽车模型气动力测量的影响,在进行风洞试验的同时,应用CFD软件进行工况完全一致的数值仿真,计算模型支撑对不同车型气动阻力的影响。最后,通过归纳的修正公式将数值仿真获得的影响数值转化为汽车风洞试验的影响数值,获得汽车风洞试验的最终阻力系数结果。结合风洞试验和数值仿真的研究结果表明两种方法互相验证,互相补充,可以解决汽车风洞试验时支撑干扰扣除的实际工程问题。     

Loran-C cycle identification in hard-limiting receivers

A new technique is presented for use in hard-limiting receivers. It is based on the widely used analogue “half-cycle peak ratio” (HCPR) technique, from which it differs by being entirely digital; no additional analogue signal processing or other hardware is required. Drawing on recent advances, the new method makes decisions based on a large number of sample points in each Loran-C pulse, thereby increasing the resilience of the identification process in the presence of noise. Performance of the algorithm in the face of continuous-wave interference is equal to or better than that of other cycle-identification techniques     

基于Jacobi法可编程低通有源滤波器设计

给出了基于可编程跨导运算放大器(POTA)的有源滤波器设计方法．能在一定范围内实现跨导值程控调节，提高调节精度和准确度。并且利用Jacobi法求解相似对角形矩阵，避免解高次方程的问题。所设计的有源滤波电路不易受分布电容的影响，稳定性好、灵敏度低。给出了设计实例，显示了该方法的优点。