Stochastic acceleration of charged particle in nonlinear wave field

Possibility of stochastic acceleration of charged particle by nonlinear waves is investigated. Spatially regular (SR) and spatiotemporal chaotic (STC) wave solutions evolving from saddle steady wave are tested as the fields. In the non-steady SR field the particle is finally trapped by the wave and averagely gains its group velocity, while in the STC field the particle motion displays trapped-free phases with its averaged velocity larger or smaller than the group velocity depending on the charge sign. A simplified model is established to investigate the acceleration mechanism. By analogy with motor protein, it is found that the virtual pattern of saddle steady wave plays a role of asymmetric potential, which and the nonlinear varying perturbation wave are the two sufficient ingredients for the acceleration in our case. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Coherent nonlinear effects on electromagnetic wave-particle interactions

In many particle simulations and space experiments, the knowledge of nonlinear characteristics of both waves and particles in plasmas is very helpful in the data analysis phase. Such knowledge is needed even more in the designing phase of appropriate diagnostics and probings in both simulations and space experiments. In this tutorial lecture, I will attempt to provide a basic introduction to the fundamental features of coherent nonlinear wave-particle and wave-wave interactions in magnetized plasmas. The present lecture covers only some of the important and basic characteristics in the coherent nonlinear interactions. The main subjects are: (1) trapping dynamics in the electrostatic wave, (2) nonlinear phase trapping and phase bunching in electromagnetic wave both in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas, and (3) coherent three wave interactions.     

圆锥低超声速有攻角绕流非对称涡流的数值模拟与非线性分岔的研究

本文用数值方法研究了圆锥低超声速有攻角绕流的对称和非对称定常解,扰动响应以及在更大角时出现的准周期解问题。     

A self-similar solution of a curved shock wave and its time-dependent force variation for a starting flat plate airfoil in supersonic flow

The problem of aeroelasticity and maneuvering of command surface and gust wing interaction involves a starting flow period which can be seen as the flow of an airfoil attaining suddenly an angle of attack. In the linear or nonlinear case, compressive Mach or shock waves are generated on the windward side and expansive Mach or rarefaction waves are generated on the leeward side. On each side, these waves are composed of an oblique steady state wave, a vertically-moving one-dimensional unsteady wave, and a secondary wave resulting from the interaction between the steady and unsteady ones. An analytical solution in the secondary wave has been obtained by Heaslet and Lomax in the linear case, and this linear solution has been borrowed to give an approximate solution by Bai and Wu for the nonlinear case. The structure of the secondary shock wave and the appearance of various force stages are two issues not yet considered in previous studies and has been studied in the present paper. A self-similar solution is obtained for the secondary shock wave, and the reason to have an initial force plateau as observed numerically is identified. Moreover, six theoretical characteristic time scales for pressure load variation are determined which explain the slope changes of the time-dependent force curve.     

Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

涡扇发动机极值限制保护闭环控制设计

现代高性能涡扇发动机采用分段组合多变量控制计划,以发挥发动机工作在整个飞行包线范围内的气动热力设计潜力。为保证发动机在过渡态工作的安全性,控制系统中必须考虑极值限制保护控制的设计问题。为避免直接限制保护控制引发的不同控制通道切换带来的系统震荡问题,提出1种高回路稳态增益的滞后-超前频域校正间接极值限制保护控制器设计方法,在保证限制回路足够的稳态精度和抗噪声能力的同时,又避免了引入积分环节导致相角裕度损失过大的缺点。通过发动机线性模型和非线性模型的控制系统仿真,验证了所述方法设计限制控制器的有效性。     

阵列宽带Lamb波在结构损伤检测中的应用

阵列信号处理中的空间谱估计可以对信号源进行辨别和定位,于是通过采集在结构上布置的阵列传感器Lamb波信号用来检测损伤发生的位置。通常,大多数空间谱估计方法均以窄带信号为假定,在很多基于Lamb波的结构损伤检测中,为了减小频散特性的影响,大多数研究以Lamb波为窄带信号进行分析,但无限窄的激励信号是物理不可实现的。因此,其在多数情况下Lamb波信号并不符合窄带信号假定,更应被认为是一种宽带信号来进行处理。进而利用空间谱估计中宽带信号非相干子空间处理方法（Incoherent Signal Subspace Method,ISM）中阵列接收的宽带Lamb波信号进行处理,检测出结构发生单一损伤时的损伤位置。随后,当结构损伤与边界反射波有叠加时会引起损伤信号相干,采用宽带信号相干子空间方法（Coherent Signal Subspace Method,CSM）对损伤位置进行检测,得到了较好的结果。     

航空发动机状态变量模型的QPSO寻优混合求解法

针对航空发动机控制和故障诊断中的状态变量模型求解存在的系数矩阵精度不高的问题,结合阶跃响应法和拟合法的基础上,提出了一种基于量子粒子群寻优（QPSO）求取发动机状态变量模型的混合求解法。QPSO优化算法求解A,C矩阵使得状态变量模型和非线性模型在动态过程具有较好的吻合,阶跃响应法求取B,D矩阵保证了模型稳态响应一致。利用混合求解法建立了某型涡轴发动机在某一稳态工作点下的小偏离状态变量模型。仿真结果表明,这种方法不仅增强了状态变量模型的求解精度,相对于单纯的拟合法缩短了求解时间,精确的状态变量模型为进一步的故障诊断和控制系统设计提供了条件。     

定常三维分离准则探讨

本文从奇点理论拓扑规律出发,说明在垂直于分离线及物面的截面上的截面流线有半鞍点存在,进而说明Lighthill等人认为的极限流线要在分离线以前抬起来是不合适的。合理的说法应该是极限流线总是同剪切应力线一致。只有在进入奇点以后,极限流线才抬起来离开物面。本文最后表明,单纯把二维分离准则用到三维分离的情况是不够的,并给出三维分离准则的表达式。     

高超声速边界层转捩机理及应用的若干进展回顾

高超声速边界层转捩对飞行器的热传递、表面摩阻和流动分离等有重要影响,尤其是再入飞行器和吸气式巡航飞行器。然而,人们对边界层转捩机理中的很多问题认识还不清楚,或存在争议。本文从扰动波演化的角度回顾了高超声速边界层感受性、线性稳定性和非线性作用的国内若干研究进展,并以基于谐波共振的人工转捩技术为例示范了这些机理认识在转捩控制上的应用。扰动的产生和发展是认识边界层转捩机理的核心。通过研究扰动波来认识边界层转捩机理,开展应用创新研究对提升飞行器性能具有重要意义。     

自由剪切层中的三维不稳定性

本文是在文[1]的基础上研究自由剪切层中由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定波发展而形成的展向大涡结构的三维不稳定性。以大涡结构为基本流动,将稳定性分析归结为二维特征值问题,用pseudo spectral(伪谱)方法数值求解。研究发现:在没有亚谐波存在的情况下,大涡结构的最不稳定的扰动波是流向波长和其相同。展向波数较高,有对流特性的三维扰动波。它在剪切层中的发展与展向涡量的分布有关,大涡结构的涡核不稳定性和辫子不稳定性是流向涡形成的主要力学机制。本文还给出了不同雷诺数下三维扰动波增长率与展向波数的关系,这些结论与实验及数值模拟结果基本一致。     

强非线性湍流的不稳定性分析

为了应用拟态动力学(fractal dynamics)概念分析湍流不稳定性,选择带有离散扰波的任意曲线作为湍流拟态结构基元。在基元上建立量级化的尺度与坐标系,用以分析有复杂结构的湍流强非线性问题,湍流分析中的非线性及离散性二大难题得到了解决。所得通向转捩与湍流的分叉解,全面反映强非线性和离散性的效应,即剪切、拉伸、旋转、弥散、压力与变形相互作用及记忆诸因素对不稳定性的影响。本文有助于加深对湍流基本物理特性的理解。     

基于试飞数据的涡轴发动机性能建模技术

为了实现军用涡轴发动机在装机状态下的虚拟预测试飞，通过罚函数法求解超定非线性方程组的最小二乘解，并采用回归分析对部件特性耦合因子进行曲线拟合，优化基准稳态模型，构建了某型涡轴发动机稳态性能计算模型；在此基础上，应用发动机加减速试飞数据，综合考虑部件容腔效应、转动部件的转子动力学和高温部件的传热效应，开发了涡轴发动机部件级过渡态性能计算模型。采用该模型对包线范围内不同工况的发动机稳态和过渡态工作过程进行了仿真预测，结果表明：与真实装机试验结果相比，发动机各工作参数的稳态预测精度在4.2%以内，过渡态预测精度在9.2%以内，满足工程精度要求。该模型能够满足虚拟预测试飞的技术需求，对涡轴发动机的设计、试飞和使用具有重要作用。     

带源项的守恒系统时间分裂算法定常解的收敛性研究

时间分裂算法很难获得带源项的守恒系统的定常解,本文中,考虑使用基本的隐式方法积分线性、二次和三次源项,研究了时间分裂算法不能收敛到数值定常态的原因.采用一个刚性参数的方式预测定常态的误差,刚性参数依赖于特定的源项.当源项是解的线性函数时,不存在定常态误差;当源项是解的非线形函数时,发现定常状态的误差是刚性参数的单调增加函数.定常态误差的分析将推广到标准k-epsilon双方程湍流模型计算的情况.     

非稳态油膜力作用下转子振动的分岔与稳定性分析

 利用新的短轴承非稳态油膜力模型分析转子系统的动力学特性, 并通过数值模拟, 得到了该系统随转动角速度变化产生的分岔和混沌特性。利用非线性动力学分析中的打靶法求该系统的周期解, 并利用Floquet 主导特征乘子判断不同周期轨道的失稳方式, 同时发现在系统的运动中存在着倍周期分岔和第二Hopf分岔及鞍结分岔。通过打靶法和Runge-Kutta 方法发现该系统在一定的角速度范围内存在加3 周期分岔。     

熊蜂机动飞行动稳定性

针对目前飞行昆虫的动力学特性分析仅限于定常飞行,采用分叉分析方法研究了熊蜂的机动稳定性.分别以俯仰角速度和偏航角速度作为参变量,计算急停过程和急旋变向过程中各平衡点的稳定性并判断其稳定范围,分析熊蜂在不同前飞速度时的全局稳定性.结果表明:熊蜂在前飞速度为0时进行急旋变向是全局稳定的,偏航角速度为14.23rad/s<| r |<23.8rad/s具有唯一的稳定焦点,在前飞速度为2.5m/s和4.5m/s时进行急旋变向是不稳定的,这解释了飞行昆虫为何在急旋变向前降低飞行速度.熊蜂在不同速度处的急停都不是全局稳定的,会进入不稳定的大幅振荡,但发散之前具有一个约为30个扑动周期的过渡间隙,因此熊蜂由足够的调整时间.      

Solar mass flow in fine-scale structures

Observations of transient and steady velocities at chromospheric, transition region and coronal temperatures in the quiet Sun and coronal holes are reviewed. The relevance of fine-scale structures in governing the mass balance of the solar atmosphere is stressed. At present, a coherent picture of these mass flows does not exist. However, the current observational base of transition region and coronal velocity information is limited but should greatly improve with measurements from the SOHO satellite.     

射流边界中基波与亚谐波相互作用的实验研究

采用外加纵向双频声激励方法，以热线测量为手段，对低速、均质、轴对称射流剪切层的K－H不稳定波与其亚谐波的相位差、对两波非线性相互作用的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明，相位差的不同使非线性相互作用中的亚谐波的空间演化不同。尤其是存在一个很窄的相位差范围，落入其中的相位差使亚谐共振（亚谐波与基波的非线性相互作用的一个特定阶段）显著减弱，这与Monkewitz的理论分析定性一致；而且，相位差对非线性相互作用的影响，随着基波初始强度的增大和亚谐波初始强度的减小而趋于消退。     

展向离散抽吸法控制边界层转捩实验研究

通过实验成功发展了一种生成大振幅稳定条带的有效方法,即展向离散抽吸方法。在此基础上,开展条带控制边界层转捩的研究。实验在水洞中进行,以零压力梯度平板边界层为研究对象,利用氢气泡时间线法观测引入条带前后人工激发转捩边界层中扰动发展变化,分析条带对转捩的控制效果及参数影响。结果表明,展向离散抽吸方法生成的稳定条带最大振幅可达28.4%U（U为自由流速度）;实验中引入的宽度14和28mm的稳定条带都能起到抑制转捩的作用;条带振幅越大、宽度越窄,抑制效果越明显。研究结果为探索降低水/空气中航行器摩阻的新技术提供有价值的参考。     

关于驻波能量的图示法分析

为了使学生更好地理解驻波的能量只在局部区域内流动、没有沿某一固定方向传播这一重要特点,在驻波的能量教学过程中,首先推导出驻波的波腹和波节处媒质质元的能量表达式,再尝试采用图示法定性分析驻波相邻的波腹和波节之间的能量相互转换。图示法具有形象直观、学生易于理解的优点。