江苏省CBERS-1卫星红外数据应用示范研究评价

文章对CBERS -1卫星IRMSS数据从空间分辨率、几何精度、噪声等方面作了分析评价 ,选取典型的南京地区、洪泽湖作为示范应用区 ,经过几何精纠正后的IRMSS数据进行不同地物在不同波段上的光谱采样分析 ,进行了城市信息与湖泊信息提取实验 ,效果较好 ,对南京辖区和洪泽湖的形态特征、环境因素、动态变迁等方面作了分析研究 ,从图像上可以清晰地看出南京辖区水体、城建和交通以及郊区的农林状况、洪泽湖河口淤积、岸边污染的情况。总之 ,CBERS-1卫星IRMSS数据可用 ,质量较好 ,达到了设计要求 ,有广阔的应用前景。     

TDD: A Comprehensive Model for Qualitative Spatial Similarity Assessment

Similarity plays a fundamental role in the human cognition process. It serves as a principle of categorization, inductive reasoning, and analogical inference. Spatial similarity assessment plays the same role in the retrieval, integration, and data mining of spatial information. In this paper, we introduce the basic components of a similarity assessment model. The model makes a contribution in the following aspects. First, it applies the order of priority topology --> direction --> distance into spatial similarity assessment. Second, instead of measuring the distance between stimuli, which neglects the effect of common features, we adopt Tversky's feature contrast model, which considers both commonality and difference in similarity assessment. Third, our model applies spatial alignment, which was considered as an assumption in previous research. Fourth, it relaxes the rule used in previous research, which considered identical the transformation costs of each edge belonging to a conceptual neighborhood network. In order to address this fourth point, we group the topological relationships and introduce the concepts of inter- and intra-group transformation costs. The inter-group transformation cost has a higher value than the intra-group transformation cost. We call the model TDD for Topology-Direction-Distance.     

SketchMapia: Qualitative Representations for the Alignment of Sketch and Metric Maps

More and more private citizens collect and publish environmental data via web-based geographic information systems. These systems face two challenges: The user interface must be intuitive and the processing of geographic information must account for cognitive impact. We propose to use sketch maps as the medium for interaction, because they reflect a person's spatial knowledge. Information from sketch maps is distorted, schematized, incomplete, and generalized and metric maps are not. This article employs qualitative representations for the alignment of sketch and metric maps. We suggest a set of cognitively oriented aspects in sketch maps stably computed by people and evaluate qualitative representations to formalize these aspects. This allows us to align and integrate geographic information from sketch maps.     

Seeing the Forest or the Trees? Shifting Categorical Effects in Map Memory

People use spatial and nonspatial information to structure memory for an environment. Two experiments explored interactions between spatial and social categories on map memory when mediated by retrieval (Experiment 1) and encoding (Experiment 2) demands. Participants studied a map depicting business locations (including proprietors' race). In Experiment 1, participants completed two memory tasks, one globally focused and the other locally focused. The global task compressed, while the local task expanded, within-category similarity. Furthermore, processing styles carried over to the subsequent task. Experiment 2 emphasized either the spatial or social category during encoding, which increased that category's weighting in memory. These results extend the work of Maddox, Rapp, Brion, and Taylor, suggesting that retrieval and encoding demands can shift how these categories affect spatial memory.     

The Influence of Landmarks and Pre-exposure to a Structural Map During the Process of Spatial Knowledge Acquisition: A Study with Children and Adults in a Virtual Environment

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effects of featural information (landmarks) and geometric information (pre-exposure to a structural map) and their possible interaction during the process of spatial knowledge acquisition of 8- and 11-year-old children and adults in a virtual environment. The study confirmed the well-known result of a developmental achievement in spatial cognition from childhood to adulthood. Although landmarks and the pre-exposure to a structural map did not affect the time to learn a specific route, they influenced the use of behavior in spatial learning and eased the acquisition of spatial knowledge measured by a route reversal and map-drawing tasks. Children and adults are able to integrate featural and geometric information in the spatial knowledge acquisition process in an environmental space, but their integration depends on the spatial processing stages that are investigated. Moreover, it was successfully demonstrated that the use of desktop virtual environments seems to be appropriate to investigate the development of spatial cognition.     

Approximate qualitative spatial reasoning

Qualitative relations between spatial regions play an importantrole in the representation and manipulation of spatial knowledge.The RCC5 and RCC8 systems of relations,used in the Region-Connection Calculus, are of fundamentalimportance. These two systems deal with ideal regions havingprecisely determined location. However,in many practical examples of spatial reasoning,regions are represented by finite approximations rather than known precisely.Approximations may be given by describing how a regionrelates to cells forming a partition of the space underconsideration. Although the RCC5 and RCC8 systems have beengeneralized to ``egg-yolk' regions, in order to modelcertain types of vagueness, their extension to regionsapproximated in this way has not been discussed before.This paper presents two methods, the syntactic and the semantic, by which the RCC5 and RCC8 systemsmay be defined for approximate regions. The syntactic uses algebraicoperations on approximate regions which generalize operations on preciseregions. The semantic method makes use of the set of preciseregions which could be the intended interpretation of anapproximate region. Relationships between these two methods arediscussed in detail.alternative to navigation training with a map.     

Spatial Reorientation: Effects of Verbal and Spatial Shadowing

ABSTRACT

Spatially disoriented adults flexibly conjoin geometric information (macroscopic shape) and nongeometric information (e.g., the color of a wall) to re-establish their bearings. It has been proposed that non-geometric information is incorporated into a geometric frame of reference through the use of spatial language. Support for this assumption comes from dual-task studies in which participants failed to use non-geometric features when they shadowed a verbal message concurrent to the reorientation task. These studies were performed in small rectangular spaces. In contrast, our study was performed in a large square room. Experiment 1 showed that verbal shadowing did not disrupt non-geometric feature use in this environment. In Experiment 2, we found that a spatial shadowing task that required the encoding of frequently changing spatial directions impaired reorientation behavior. Our study shows that nongeometric information can be used for reorientation without recourse to linguistic processes, and suggests that the use of non-geometric features is dependent upon a spatial coding process.     

一种新的面向XML信息检索的索引机制

XML作为数据交换和信息集成的工具，以其自描述性、良好的可扩展性和平台无关性的优点，成为新一代网络语言。为体现XML的优越性，从信息检索的角度探讨XML文档的索引机制，给出一个新的索引方法，并提出概念层次上的索引，以达到内容和结构上的双重检索。实验结果表明采用这种方法能提高查询效率。     

Where's Downtown?: Behavioral Methods for Determining Referents of Vague Spatial Queries

Humans think and talk about regions and spatial relations imprecisely, in terms of vague concepts that are fuzzy or probabilistic (e.g., downtown, near). The functionality of geographic information systems will be increased if they can interpret vague queries. We discuss traditional and newer approaches to defining and modeling spatial queries. Most of the research on vague concepts in information systems has focussed on mathematical and computational implementation. To complement this, we discuss behavioral-science methods for determining the referents of vague spatial terms, particularly vague regions. We present a study of the empirical determination of downtown Santa Barbara. We conclude with a discussion of prospects and problems for integrating vague concepts into geographic information systems.     

Verb Semantics Affects the Interpretation of Spatial Prepositions

Abstract

Spatial prepositions, more specifically projective prepositions, such as in front of or behind can be interpreted in different ways. Their interpretation depends on the spatial perspective taken as the basis for determining the reference frame's orientation. In 3 series of placement experiments with German speakers, we examined whether the interpretation of projective prepositions in a motion context is affected by the verb used in a spatial instruction. Results suggest that verb semantics is a factor accounting for previously observed seemingly social-situational differences in the interpretation of projective prepositions. Specifically, the findings indicate that, relative to a car as reference object, the semantic aspect of motion interruption associated with some verbs leads to a higher proportion of deictic interpretations determined by the direction from which one is approaching the car. This verb effect on the interpretation of spatial prepositions can be explained by an activation of the temporal dimension through stop-implying verbs, which is integrated into the spatial situation model of the perceived dynamic scene making the deictic frame of reference more compatible. The experimental evidence also shows that verb semantics can account for previously unexplained cross-linguistic differences, and is related to patterns concerning the prepositional inventory of languages.     

卫星遥感农业监测系统中实例检索算法研究

针对智慧农业中需求获取手段、表达方法等导致智能设计算法复杂度高、可用性低等问题，将卫星遥感技术和网络技术结合实现农作物及其生长环境参数的实时监测，以优化播种机设计的需求特征，并以此为基础，提出基于混合相似度的实例检索模型。在该模型中，设计了多级实例库结构，并以特征间距离相似度、特征间可拓关联度、特征间可拓距测度为组成要素，构造多级混合相似度的层次结构与计算方法，进行多级实例检索。将其应用到铲式播种机的数字化设计系统中，可获得与目标实例最相似的实例。实验结果表明，在实例的特征值数据类型多样化的情况下，此算法能够有效地检索出合适的历史实例，提高检索结果的可用性。     

Revisiting Perspective-Taking: Can People Maintain Imagined Perspectives?

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether people can adopt and maintain imagined perspectives in the absence of target information. The task used entailed providing information about an imagined perspective in advance of target information to examine whether this would facilitate perspective-taking performance and reduce or eliminate alignment effects that are commonly reported in the literature. The three experiments employed different types of spatial environments: an environment learned from navigating a computer screen (Experiment 1), and an immersive environment that was either remote (Experiment 2) or immediate (Experiment 3) at the time of retrieval. Across the three experiments, results showed that information about an imagined perspective can be utilized ahead of target information. Furthermore, they suggested that alignment effects can be reduced as a result of processing information about perspective ahead of target information, but only when reasoning about specific nonimmediate spatial relations (Experiments 1 and 2). Results are discussed in connection with previous findings on spatial updating and the organizational structure of spatial memory.     

Qualitative Spatial Reasoning in Interpreting Text and Narrative

Abstract

Simple natural language texts and narratives often raise problems in commonsense spatial knowledge and reasoning of surprising logical complexity and geometric richness. In this article, I consider a dozen short texts—five taken from literature, the remainder contrived as illustrations—and discuss the spatial reasoning involved in understanding them. I conclude by summarizing their common features, and by tentatively drawing some morals for research in this area.     

Egocentric frames of reference used for the retrieval of survey knowledge learned by map and navigation

Two experiments are reported that use a ``point-to-unseen-targets' task to study the role of egocentric reference frames in the retrieval of survey knowledge learned from either studying a map or navigating an environment. In Experiment 1, performance was generally consistent with the hypothesis that map knowledge is retrieved using a frame of reference centered on the eye, characterized by (a) a fixed orientation in a ``frontal representational plane' and (b) equal access to spatial relations both in front of, or above, and behind, or below, a right-left retrieval axis. The results of Experiment 2 were consistent with the hypothesis that environment knowledge is retrieved within a frame of reference centered on the body, characterized by (a) flexible orientation within a ``transverse representational plane' and (b) privileged access to spatial relations located in front of the right-left retrieval axis in representational space. Both types of knowledge function as if they preserve information about the Euclidean angles connecting elements in physical space.     

对会计信息公开制度的探讨

会计的首要目标是为企业的经营决策提供有用的信息,会计信息公开是适应市场经济发展要求,顺应会计的国际化要求,符合内外部使用者的利益要求,同时也满足企业自身发展的要求的必然,会计信息公开制度的建立和完善是会计发展的趋势,尽管存在着多方面的不足,更多的是需要我们去发现和解决问题,完善和规范我国的会计体系。本文主要从两方面入手：一是确保企业公开的会计信息真实、可靠,前几个途径正是从这点入手的;二是投资者必须能识别和使用会计信息。     

对会计信息公开制度的探讨

会计的首要目标是为企业的经营决策提供有用的信息,会计信息公开是适应市场经济发展要求,顺应会计的国际化要求,符合内外部使用者的利益要求,同时也满足企业自身发展的要求的必然,会计信息公开制度的建立和完善是会计发展的趋势,尽管存在着多方面的不足,更多的是需要我们去发现和解决问题,完善和规范我国的会计体系。本文主要从两方面入手...     

Spatial Vagueness and Second-Order

This paper presents a geometric characterization of geographic objects with vague boundaries. Since the framework is based on ordering geometry and does not rely on numerical concepts, it can be applied to qualitative spatial reasoning. The characterization describes vague regions and gradual transitions between two vague regions. This approach takes into account that the region of all points that definitely belong to an object is also vague, called higher-order vagueness. Higher-order vagueness is usually neglected by theories modeling spatial vagueness. The approach distinguishes firstand second-order vague regions and characterizes the gradual transitions of second-order vague regions. These gradual transitions allow transitions within transitions. In general, it is not possible to reduce higher-order vagueness to first-order vagueness. Using a spatial ordering structure the article shows when second-order vagueness is useful and examines the relationship between first- and second-order vagueness. An example shows how second-order vagueness can be used to represent geographic objects.