Gesture in Spatial Cognition: Expressing,Communicating, and Thinking About Spatial Information

Do hand gestures play a role in spatial cognition? This paper reviews literature addressing the roles of gestures in (1) expressing spatial information, (2) communicating about spatial information, and (3) thinking about spatial information. Speakers tend to produce gestures when they produce linguistic units that contain spatial information, and they gesture more when talking about spatial topics than when talking about abstract or verbal ones. Thus, gestures are commonly used to express spatial information. Speakers use gestures more in situations when those gestures could contribute to communication, suggesting that they intend those gestures to communicate. Further, gestures influence addressees' comprehension of the speech they accompany, and addressees also detect information that is conveyed uniquely in gestures. Thus, gestures contribute to effective communication of spatial information. Gestures also play multiple roles in thinking about spatial information. There is evidence that gestures activate lexical and spatial representations, promote a focus on spatial information, and facilitate the packaging of spatial information in speech. Finally, some of the observed variation across tasks in gesture production is associated with task differences in demands on spatial cognitive processes, and individual differences in gesture production are associated with individual differences in spatial and verbal abilities. In sum, gestures appear to play multiple roles in spatial cognition. Central challenges for future research include: (1) better specification of the mental representations that give rise to gestures, (2) deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which gestures play a role in spatial thinking, and (3) greater knowledge of the sources of task and individual differences in gesture production.     

Learning to Reach to Locations Encoded from Imaging Displays

We examined the use of hand gestures while people solved spatial reasoning problem in which they had to infer motion from static diagrams (mental animation problems). In Experiment 1, participants were asked to think aloud while solving mental animation problems. They gestured on more than 90% of problems, and most gestures expressed information about the component motions that was not stated in words. Two further experiments examined whether the gestures functioned in the mechanical inference process, or whether they merely served functions of expressing or communicating the results of this process. In these experiments, we examined the effects of instructions to think aloud, restricting participants' hand motions, and secondary tasks on mental animation performance. Although participants who were instructed to think aloud gestured more than control groups, some gestures occurred even in control conditions. A concurrent spatial tapping task impaired performance on mechanical reasoning, whereas a simple tapping task and restricting hand motions did not. These results indicate that gestures are a natural way of expressing the results of mental animation processes and suggest that spatial working memory and premotor representations are involved in mental animation. They provide no direct evidence that gestures are functional in the thought process itself, but do not rule out a role for overt gestures in this type of spatial thinking.     

Communication constraints,indexical countermeasures,and crew configuration effects in simulated space-dwelling groups

Previous research with groups of individually isolated crews communicating and problem-solving in a distributed interactive simulation environment has shown that the functional interchangeability of available communication channels can serve as an effective countermeasure to communication constraints. The present report extends these findings by investigating crew performance effects and psychosocial adaptation following: (1) the loss of all communication channels, and (2) changes in crew configuration. Three-person crews participated in a simulated planetary exploration mission that required identification, collection, and analysis of geologic samples. Results showed that crews developed and employed discrete navigation system operations that served as functionally effective communication signals (i.e., “indexical” or “deictic” cues) in generating appropriate crewmember responses and maintaining performance effectiveness in the absence of normal communication channels. Additionally, changes in crew configuration impacted both performance effectiveness and psychosocial adaptation.     

导弹远距离计算机通信网的设计与实现

提出了一种可进行双向通信的双环结构 ,研究设计了测试发控系统进行远程通信的硬件接口方式 ,解决了RS 2 32接口不能进行远距离通信的问题。软件设计采用模块化程序设计思想 ,利用软件跟踪技术对软件进行优化处理和软件潜在陷阱的清除 ,实现了复杂系统之间命令和数据的可靠传输。     

天地一体化信息网络空间激光通信新技术

空间激光通信是提升天地一体化信息网络传输速率、组网能力、信息安全的重要途径。结合天地一体化信息网络特点,总结国外空间激光通信技术的发展状况,分析有望应用于天地一体化信息网络中的空间激光通信新技术及其优势。希望通过借鉴国外空间激光通信技术发展的经验与启示,促进我国空间激光通信新技术的发展以及天地一体化网络的建设。     

Editorial: Cognitive Semantics and Spatio-Temporal Ontologies

How do people describe the location of a target object to another? This task requires a reference object or frame and terms of reference. Traditional linguistic analyses have loosely organized perspectives around people, objects, or environments as reference objects, using reference terms based on a viewpoint or the intrinsic sides of an object, such as left, right, front, and back or based on the environment, such as north, south, east, and west. In actual communication, social, spatial, and cognitive factors may also affect perspective choice. We examine those factors by varying the spatial information (landmarks and cardinal directions), the communication task (relative cognitive burden to speakers and addressees), and the culture of participants (American and Japanese). Speakers used addressees' perspectives more when addressees had the greater cognitive burden. They also used landmarks and cardinal directions when they were available, especially to avoid difficult discriminations like left/right. Some cases appearing to be perspective taking can be interpreted as using a person as a landmark. Finally, terms like near indicating close proximity were preferred to far and to terms requiring projection of directions. Globally, perspective choices of American and Japanese samples were strikingly similar; that is, Japanese did not select addressees' perspectives more than Americans. The traditional linguistic analyses need to be enhanced to account for effects of cognitive, situational, and social factors.     

天基信息传输分发体系中新频段及新体制梳理

文章介绍了激光通信、太赫兹通信和量子通信等新的通信频段及通信体制在天基信息传输分发体系中的应用前景。激光通信链路可用于构建未来空间骨干网,附加在激光链路上的量子光通信链路可以极大提升链路保密性能,太赫兹通信链路可能在未来卫星星座及伴随飞行集群内部高速数据交换场合提供大带宽及灵活组网的通信能力。各种新形式的链路技术结合起来,可以为天基信息传输分发系统提供支撑。     

一种载人航天器深空通信系统架构的设想

为保证深空探测载人航天器与地面之间的可靠通信,在分析载波频率、信源压缩技术、编码技术和调制方式的基础上,提出了一种载人航天器深空通信系统架构,综合考虑各种通信业务的需求,采用LDPC编码、SOQPSK调制等先进技术,充分利用深空通信信道宽带宽的特点。相比于现有的深空探测航天器,文章提出的深空通信系统架构可获得更高的增益,能以更高的数据速率进行可靠通信,具有一定的技术前瞻性和较高的工程应用价值,对我国后续载人登月及其他深空飞行任务具有一定的参考意义。     

无人机在干扰卫星通信系统中的应用

随着军事信息化程度越来越高,军事卫星通信已成为军事通信和战场通信的重要组成部分。卫星通信干扰和抗干扰技术已受到各国的重视。文章首先分析了干扰卫星通信系统的几种途径,然后分析了无人机在干扰卫星通信系统中的应用及优势。     

When gestures show us the way: Co-thought gestures selectively facilitate navigation and spatial memory

How does gesturing during route learning relate to subsequent spatial performance? We examined the relationship between gestures produced spontaneously while studying route directions and spatial representations of the navigated environment. Participants studied route directions, then navigated those routes from memory in a virtual environment, and finally had their memory of the environment assessed. We found that, for navigators with low spatial perspective-taking performance on the Spatial Orientation Test, more gesturing from a survey perspective predicted more accurate memory following navigation. Thus, co-thought gestures accompanying route learning relate to performance selectively, depending on the gesturers’ spatial ability and the perspective of their gestures. Survey gestures may help some individuals visualize an overall route that they can retain in memory.     

VxWorks环境下基于Zinc的GUI任务与非GUI任务之间的通信

在许多嵌入式应用场合都需要设计和实现图形用户界面,图形用户界面(GUI)任务与非GUI任务之间的通信方式对系统的实时性具有很大的影响。本文介绍了VxW orks支持的任务之间进行通信的各种方式,给出了选择任务之间通信方式的原则,介绍了Z inc的事件模型。根据嵌入式地理信息系统中非GUI任务与GUI任务之间的通信需求,提出通过用户定义事件的形式实现从非GUI任务到GUI任务的数据通信,并详细地给出了用户定义事件的定义、发送、接收与处理方法。实验证明该通信方式能够很好地满足系统各方面的实时性要求。     

移动通信发展历程及其在战术通信中的应用

详细介绍了移动通信技术的发展历程,从最初的1G通信技术到现在广泛应用的5G技术以及正处于研究阶段的6G技术,针对每一代移动通信技术的网络架构、频带分布以及传输速率进行了分析,总结了其优缺点,通过对每一代通信技术的对比,分析了移动通信技术的未来发展趋势,阐述了移动通信技术在战术通信中的应用以及未来发展的影响;旨在帮助学术研究人员和工程技术人员了解移动通信技术的发展历程及其在战术通信的应用,对从事移动通信研究和战术通信研究的人员均具有一定的指导意义。     

Multiple Systems for Spatial Imagery: Transformations of Objects and Bodies

Problem-solving often requires imagining spatial changes. Object-based transformations allow imagining an object in a different orientation. Perspective transformations allow imagining changes in one's viewpoint. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that these two transformations are dissociable and specialized for different situations, by manipulating instructions and task parameters and measuring response times, errors, and introspective reports. Human experience with small objects such as telephones and clothes irons consists mostly of manipulation or observed manipulation, which is characterized by object-based transformations. Consistent with this experience, when participants made judgments about small manipulable objects, they showed a strong tendency to use object-based transformations. Experience with human bodies is more varied, including both object-like interactions and interactions in which one must estimate another's perspective. Accordingly, when making judgments about pictures of bodies, participants' selection of a spatial transformation depended on the type of judgment that needed to be made. When instructions violated these natural mappings, performance was impaired. These data argue for the view that multiple spatial transformation systems evolved to solve different spatial reasoning problems.     

导弹飞行试验多站测量定轨的自适应滤波方法

运用自适应滤波方法研究导弹飞行试验多站测量定轨问题。充分考虑导弹飞行的动力学模型所提供的信息，对加速度随机干扰的统计特性以及测量设备的系统误差进行自适应补偿，从而获得高精度的弹道估计。计算结果表明，这种飞行状态估计与测量设备系统误差估计交互进行、互相补偿的方法，在数据处理过程中效果是明显的。     

基于YOLOv6框架实现典型通信信号调制快速识别方法

随着战场通信侦察对抗系统的快速发展,通信信号体制变得非常复杂,给非合作接收条件下的通信信号检测、调制识别及信号辐射源个体识别带来困难。为了全面掌握信号先验信息,对复杂多样的通信信号体制进行盲检与识别,本文提出基于时频图分析和深度神经网络的多种通信信号自动调制识别方法。首先,利用时频分析将不同典型通信信号转换为时频图像,再将标注后的时频图输入基于深度学习的YOLOv6（目标检测模型）网络中进行特征学习;然后,通过设计YOLOv6更高效的网络结构,使其能够对信号的时频图进行快速识别;最后,将训练后的网络权重对典型通信交叠信号进行测试,对提取的特征向量进行分类识别,完成6种调制方式识别与位置的快速确定,实现在非合作接收条件下的多个典型通信信号调制方式的检测和识别。     

基于循环谱的隐蔽通信性能分析

研究了基于扩频技术的隐蔽通信波形设计,采用大信号掩盖技术和跳码扩频技术,其中大信号和隐蔽信号分别以直接序列扩频(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, DSSS)和随机跳码扩频方式产生。对DSSS信号和随机跳码扩频信号的二阶循环平稳特性进行了理论分析,并通过仿真证明了循环平稳特性可用于隐蔽通信波形循环谱分析。首先,理论分析揭示DSSS信号的循环谱在与数据符号速率和码片速率相关的循环频率上,具有由信号的循环平稳性所产生的一系列特征峰值;然而,在随机跳码直扩信号中,扩频码带来的循环平稳性被破坏,导致其循环谱仅在与码片速率相关的循环频率上存在特征峰值;最后,利用循环平稳特性,结合判决门限进行隐蔽信号检测的仿真和分析。     

基于TTEthernet的综合电子系统通信网络研究

星上总线技术是综合电子系统的关键技术之一,决定了星上电子设备的功能划分及整星信息系统的可靠性设计。选择时间触发以太网(Time-Triggered Ethernet,TTEthernet)作为综合电子系统的核心总线,从网络通信机制、时间同步计算和容错性能等方面分析了TTEthernet的特性及其星载应用的优势,并在此基础上构建基于TTEthernet的综合电子系统通信网络,提出了该通信网络在拓扑结构、系统同步过程和通信协议等方面的具体实现方法,对TTEthernet在卫星中的应用进行了探索,可为TTEthernet在航天领域的研究与应用提供借鉴。     

一种高速保密卫星信息传输系统

为进一步提高卫星数据传输速率、增强保密性，在综合多载波(MC)、跳频(FH)和直接序列码分多址(DS-CDMA)技术的基础上，提出了一种高速保密卫星通信FH/MC DS-CDMA系统的方案，并给出了多速率发射机和接收机的原理框图。所设计的系统采用自适应速率传输技术支持多速率数据传输，采用预测功率控制算法保证收发双方在高速移动状态下通信的可靠性和各子信道发射功率的动态分配，获得系统最大的传输效率。     

激光通信调制方式的研究

在分析OOK、M—PPM、MPPM、DPPM、OPPM调制结构的基础上,详细分析了各调制方式在传信率、发射功率、传输带宽、抗干扰性能等方面性能,并给出了相应的仿真分析结果。该仿真结果为未来激光通信调制方式的选择提供进一步的理论支持。