基于改进快速距离转化的移动机器人路径规划方法

在分析快速距离转化法不足的基础上，提出了一种利用空间数据结构及编码方案的特性进行距离和安全转化，使用约束参量控制路径搜索过程的三维空间机器人路径规划方法。这种方法使用八叉树建立空间模型，通过构建树节点的拓扑关系使路径搜索转化为图搜索算法。根据拓扑关系按照波动传播的方法依次对各个节点进行距离和安全转化，保证了可行路径的产生。约束参量的使用能够有效地避免传统方法在搜索过程中的随机性，协调路径规划中的最短距离和最大安全需要，搜索给定参数下的最优路径空间。理论分析和仿真实验验证了该算法的可行性和正确性。     

Influence of estimation errors on wayfinding-decisions in unknown street networks – analyzing the least-angle strategy

The least-angle strategy is a common wayfinding method that can be applied in unknown environments if the target direction is known. The strategy is based on the navigator's heuristic to select the street segment at an intersection which is most in line with the target direction. To use this strategy, the navigator needs to know the angles between the target direction and the street segments leading out from the intersection. If the direct view to the target is blocked and the target vector cannot be perceived, the target direction that is needed for the decision process is based on the agent's believed position and orientation (estimated through path integration). The agent's believed position and target direction are distorted by human errors in estimation of distances and directions, mainly affecting the path integration process. In this paper we examine how human estimation errors of distance and rotation influence the decision behavior in the wayfinding process in an unknown street environment. To demonstrate the geometrical consequences for a specific test case, we use a simulated software agent which navigates in a simulated street environment.     

Human navigation ability: Tests of the encoding-error model of path integration

This paper tests the generality and implications of an encoding-error model (Fujita et al. 1993) of humans' ability to keep track of their position in space in the absence of visual cues (i.e., by nonvisual path integration). The model proposes that when people undergo nonvisually guided travel, they encode the distances and turns that they experience, and their errors reflect systematic inaccuracies in the encoding process. Thus when people try to return to the origin of travel, they base their response on mis-encoded values of the outbound distances and turns. The two experiments reported here addressed three issues related to the model: (i) whether path integration is context-dependent and if so, how rapidly it adapts to recently experienced distances and turns; (ii) whether effects of experience can be specifically attributed to changes in the encoding process, and if so, what changes; and (iii) whether the encoding process represents distances and turns in the individual paths without considering their spatial relationship to one another (i.e., an object-centered representation). Testing these issues allows us to evaluate and develop the model.Subjects who were blindfolded or had restricted vision were led through two legs of a triangle and the turn between, then tried to return to the origin. Paths varied in whether experienced legs and turns were small or large (Experiment 1) and in variability of return and outbound course (Experiment 2). Response turn, distance and course were determined. The assumption of immutable encoding functions was not supported; encoding processes were context dependent, although they did not adapt within a block of trials. Although effects of experience could be accounted for by the model, the affected parameters were not always as predicted, and in some cases additional parameters were necessary. Results of manipulating variability in return course were consistent with the model's assumption of object-centered representation.     

Path Integration During a Neighborhood Walk

In three experiments, we contrast two accounts of path integration processes that track direction and distance of movement. Moment-to-moment updating involves the continuous sensing of motion; automatic calculations constantly produce an estimate of position and orientation of self to an anchor point for travel. In contrast, configural updating can be accomplished using episodic memories; a representation of the traveled path is periodically revised and the bearing to the origin of a route can be estimated by connecting the endpoint of the current leg to the starting point of the first leg. Experiments 1 and 3 indicate that people encode the number and direction of turns but have difficulty configuring more gradually curved legs. In Experiment 2, we find that blindfolded people show better than chance performance in estimating the origin of outdoor routes when they are unexpectedly asked to point. It appears that, in addition to episodic memories that allow configural updating, we have available a moment-to-moment representation of our position and heading based on the cues that accompany self-movement.     

Impact of Regionalization and Detour on Ad-hoc Path Choice

Abstract

Regionalization has been found to impact human route planning, both when the planning is based on a previously learned environment encoded in memory and when maps are used. This paper presents an experiment in a virtual desktop environment and examines how the length of the path in the start region or goal region impacts ad-hoc route choice, i.e., in situations where the decision is made right after perceiving the decision situation. More specifically, this research aims at quantifying the trade-off value between short travel distances and leaving the start as well as reaching the goal region quicker, respectively.     

复连通区域曲线积分与路径无关的充要条件

本文主要给出了复连通区域曲线积分与路径无关的充要条件,同时进一步讨论了当曲线积分与路径相关时,沿不同路径的积分之间的某种关系。     

Spatial Influence of Environmental Axes in a Baseball Field

Abstract

We investigated the influence of environmental axes in a baseball field. In Experiment 1, participants walked either a path in the prototypical orientation (home plate to second base) or one which was rotated 225°. Recall for object locations was best when participants imagined themselves aligned with axes salient from the experienced orientation. In Experiment 2, when learning was through a route text, there was less of an influence of environmental axes. In Experiment 3, when participants walked both paths, memories were good for the atypical orientation, suggesting that task-specific spatial cues can be more influential than a prior conceptual north.     

Path visualization: a method for objective measurement of spatial visualization

ABSTRACT

The ability to mentally represent spatial information is a fundamental cognitive process. To many people, this process feels a bit like visual perception, hence the term ‘spatial visualization’. In this paper, we describe a method for measuring the accuracy of spatial visualization, specifically visualization of a complex path in imaginary space. A critical feature of this method (called Path Visualization) is that it relies on the detection of intersections in a visualized path. Intersection detection is an inherently spatial task that requires a spatial representation. In this paper, we show how the Path Visualization method works, and how it can be customized to address several key research issues in human spatial cognition.     

基于矢量数据的三维航迹规划方法

提出了基于矢量数据的三维航迹规划方法。通过将威胁数据以矢量的方式与地形等高线结合起来对规划空间进行灵活表述，使得航迹规划可以充分考虑地形／威胁的影响，同时在规划时考虑了低空飞行器性能及其他约束。试验结果表明，该方法可以快速有效地完成三维航迹规划，给出的结果既满足各种约束条件又符合人的直觉。     

基于自适应通信拓扑的无人机集群弱路径约束下的分布式控制器设计

针对传统无人机集群飞行控制需要规划过多飞行路径的问题，设计一种结合线性二次型调节器(LQR)与机间防撞的分布式协同控制器，不需要为集群设计相对构型，只需给定一条满足无人机动力学约束的飞行路径，集群就可沿路径飞行。该控制器通过设计自适应通信拓扑来稳定加入机间防撞机制带来的抖振效应，并使集群具有良好可扩展性。仿真结果表明，所设计的分布式控制器可以实现规划一条路径下无人机集群无机间碰撞的稳定飞行。     

Similarities in Object and Event Segmentation: A Geometric Approach to Event Path Segmentation

Abstract

Events, like objects, can be decomposed into parts. Path, the spatiotemporal trajectory of an object during an event, is the most commonly labeled event feature across the world's languages, provides important social information, and is increasingly central to theories of general event segmentation. However, little is understood about how adults visually segment paths. We apply theories developed for object segmentation to help understand path segmentation. Overall subjects segmented equivalent object shapes and event paths in similar ways following patterns predicted by Singh and Hoffman's (2001) Singh, M. and Hoffman, D. D. 2001. “Parts-based representations of visual shape and implications for visual cognition.”. In From fragments to objects—Segmentation and grouping in vision Edited by: Shipley, T. F. and Kellman, P. J. 401–459. New York, NY: Elsevier Science..  [Google Scholar] geometric analysis of object parts. There were two notable differences between object and event segmentation: (1) event parsing occurred at points of negative curvature minima and positive curvature maxima as opposed to simply negative curvature minima; and (2) event parsing was more frequent and variable than object parsing. Implications of these results for event perception and categorization are discussed.     

Human Path Integration by Optic Flow

Path integration or 'dead reckoning' is the ability to keep track of relative position using self-motion signals that convey information about speed and direction of movement. Most animal species, including humans, exhibit some degree of path integration capability and neurophysiological studies have demonstrated that self-motion signals are sufficient to update internal representations of both position and orientation. In the present study, human subjects were required to monitor their position or orientation on the basis of unstructured optic flowfields. Trials were conducted at different speeds to examine the accuracy of path integration and rates of random error accumulation, and at two different head azimuths to prevent a confounding strategy of position updating based primarily on tracking changes in the angular declination of distant landmarks with respect to the horizon. Participants integrated the speed of visual motion to update accurately a representation of their position and orientation within the environment. Consistent with the characteristics of real-world path integration, errors accumulated linearly with the magnitude of position and orientation estimation. We conclude that coherent optic flowfields provide a sufficient basis for humans to keep track of their position and orientation relative to remembered landmarks.     

多径干扰下GPS/INS跟踪环路的一种高斯码相位鉴别器

针对载体在多径信号的影响下,传统码相位鉴别器不能实时有效鉴别出码相位误差,提出一种高斯码相位鉴别器构建方法。在GPS/INS深组合模式中,接收机码相位鉴别器的构建将改变传统设计方法。INS系统利用GPS接收机产生的即时码相位信息,建立INS系统码相位鉴别器,该INS码相位鉴别器用于辅助GPS接收机码相位鉴别器,构建高斯码相位鉴别器,有效降低码相位跟踪误差。仿真结果表明,与传统的码鉴相器相比,高斯码相位鉴别器减小了噪声方差,能有效提高鉴相精度,从而在多径干扰下提高定位精度。     

月面巡视器的任务层路径规划

使用巡视器对月球表面进行巡视探测是一种高效率、低成本的月球探测方法。路径规划作为巡视器的一项重要技术,通常把它作为导航系统的一部分,只考虑地形通过性的问题。实际上除了地形通过性,还有很多因素对路径选择起到决定性的作用。针对月面巡视器,在大范围区域综合考虑地形、能源、热控、通信等全局因素,给出了一种新的路径规划方法——实时贪婪（Realtime Greedy,RG）算法。运用该算法得到了任务层路径,为巡视器的导航系统提供路标点,并为巡视器的动作安排提供了依据。     

复杂禁飞区高超声速飞行器路径-轨迹双层规划

针对高超声速飞行器在复杂禁飞区的规避场景,为解决现有轨迹规划方法对任务初值依赖性强的问题,提出一种基于双层规划建模的路径-轨迹规划方法。其中,上层为路径规划,为轨迹提供路径点引导信息,避免轨迹陷入局部解;下层为轨迹规划,利用上层输出的路径点信息,将轨迹分割成多个横向机动小的子段,解析求解横纵向飞行剖面,减小运动模型简化误差。数值仿真表明,与现有轨迹优化方法相比,本方法能够选择指标更优的路径,提高了轨迹规划的全局性能;解析飞行剖面制导误差不超过0.03%,解决了大范围横向机动的剖面解析难题。     

基于性能退化数据的可靠性评估

传统的可靠性评估方法一般基于失效寿命数据，对于高可靠长寿命产品，很难通过寿命试验和加速寿命试验获得失效寿命时间，这种情况下产品的性能退化数据可提供可靠性评估的重要信息。在基于失效数据可靠性评估及性能可靠性评估方法的基础上，提出了基于退化轨迹与基于性能退化量分布两种可靠性评估方法，以对具有退化失效机理的高可靠长寿命产品进行可靠性评估。基于退化轨迹的可靠性评估方法首先选取合适的退化轨迹模型，利用退化数据对退化轨迹进行模型拟合得到模型参数，然后根据退化轨迹外推得到伪失效寿命，最后根据完全寿命试验数据的统计分析方法进行统计分析得到产品可靠性信息。基于性能退化量分布的可靠性评估方法首先计算不同测量时刻产品性能退化量的统计特征，对其进行曲线拟合得到统计特征随时间变化的函数，即性能退化量分布参数，最后利用可靠性与性能退化量分布的关系评估产品的可靠性。本文最后给出了两种可靠性评估方法的应用案例，验证了方法的正确性与有效性。     

带机械臂的月面巡视探测器的路径规划方法研究

针对巡视探测器路径规划和机械臂路径规划的不同和两者需要依次执行的连接需求,文章将月面巡视探测器的路径规划过程分为三个阶段：巡视探测器的路径规划、机械臂的路径规划、器臂动态联合的路径规划,针对不同的规划分别提出了不同的规划方法,并进行了仿真验证。研究结果表明,巡视探测器的整个路径规划是一个复杂的运算规划过程,在非结构化月面环境下,基于月面三维数字高程图采用改进的启发式搜索（A＊）算法,可以比较高效地完成巡视探测器的路径规划;在采用蒙特卡罗法建立机械臂可达工作空间的基础上,可以比较简单、准确地获取机械臂的规划路径;巡视探测器整个就位探测过程的实现需要两种规划的动态联合。     

Cf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料车削加工工艺研究

为满足高性能、轻质化的设计要求,开展了Cf/SiC基复合材料一金属连接工艺试验件的试验工作,阐述了Cf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料喷管车削加工难点和解决方案.理论分析和试验验证表明,通过选择合理的机械加工方法、人造金刚石聚晶车刀及冷却润滑方法,采用合适的切削用量和刀具几何参数,能够实现陶瓷基复合材料喷管连接部位的车削加工,保...     

Integrating advanced mobility into lunar surface exploration

With growing knowledge of the lunar surface environment from recent robotic missions, further assessment of human lunar infrastructures and operational aspects for surface exploration become possible. This is of particular interest for the integration of advanced mobility assets, where path planning, balanced energy provision and consumption as well as communication coverage grow in importance with the excursion distance. The existing modeling and simulation tools for the lunar surface environment have therefore been revisited and extended to incorporate aspects of mobile exploration. An extended analysis of the lunar topographic models from past and ongoing lunar orbital missions has resulted in the creation of a tool to calculate and visualize slope angles in selected lunar regions. This allows for the identification of traversable terrain with respect to the mobile system capabilities. In a next step, it is combined with the analysis of the solar illumination conditions throughout this terrain to inform system energy budgets in terms of electrical power availability and thermal control requirements. The combination of the traversability analysis together with a time distributed energy budget assessment then allows for a path planning and optimization for long range lunar surface mobility assets, including manned excursions as well as un-crewed relocation activities. The above mentioned tools are used for a conceptual analysis of the international lunar reference architecture, developed in the frame of the International Architecture Working Group (IAWG) of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). Its systems capabilities are evaluated together with the planned surface exploration range and paths in order to analyze feasibility of the architecture and to identify potential areas of optimization with respect to time-based and location-based integration of activities.     

变锥角SGCMG系统的奇异躲避路径规划策略

将锥体上五个单框架控制力矩陀螺（SGCMG）框架轴与底面的锥角视为姿态机动任务前的调整变量,建立了锥角可调的五棱锥构型SGCMG模型。通过锥角可调SGCMG系统的复杂奇异性分析,推导了陀螺奇异测度对时间的导数与陀螺框架角速度的关系,进而提出考虑奇异躲避的路径规划策略。基于Gauss伪谱法的路径规划结果表明：锥角可调的五棱锥构型SGCMG系统可有效提高特定机动方向的控制能力,显著减少空间站姿态机动所需时间;所提出的考虑奇异躲避的路径规划策略可有效避免陀螺奇异。