对偏差Walker星座卫星的接近轨道设计

文献［1-3］已研究了单航天器无需变轨对理想Walker星座多星交会的轨道设计,在此基础上,针对接近偏差Walker星座多星的轨道设计开展了研究。结合最小二乘算法与启发式的搜索算法,提出了一种轨道设计的思想,并进行了建模和数值仿真分析。研究结果可为单航天器无需变轨对星座多星接近提供理论依据。     

月球轨道交会任务的远程导引变轨策略研究

对国内外月球轨道交会远程导引段变轨策略的2~5脉冲变轨方案进行了比较分析,在考虑月球轨道交会飞行任务测控资源有限和航天器所带燃料受限等特点的基础上,确定了我国月球轨道交会远程导引段的变轨策略为4脉冲方案;并介绍了在4脉冲基线轨道方案的基础上,进行标称轨道设计和月面上升窗口初步分析的结果。研究结果可为我国月球轨道交会对接任务提供参考。     

远程导引变轨方案修正算法

为在实际摄动条件下由远程导引变轨方案初始设计结果实现追踪航天器与目标航天器的交会,提出了一种修正变轨方案。将初始多脉冲式变轨方案转换为有限推力式并作修正,取远程导引结束时刻追踪与目标航天器间的相对轨道要素为目标函数,采用J2,J3,J4解析轨道预报器对目标函数计算需要的轨道进行预报,以历次变轨开始时刻、结束时刻和推力方向为优化变量,用边界约束有限存储BFGS(L-BFGS-B)优化算法获得的最优解为修正后的变轨方案,可消除摄动模型误差。算例结果表明,经转换和修正所得有限推力式变轨方案能在实际摄动条件下实现追踪航天器与目标航天器的交会。     

考虑地球扁率效应的两航天器双共切最优交会原理

轨道交会研究受控航天器与目标航天器于预定的位置和时间相会合。本文讨论按两次冲量法沿双共切椭圆轨道,使沿圆轨道运行的受控航天器实现向另一圆轨道转移并和沿该圆轨道运行的目标航天器相交会的最优方案,讨论中计及到地球扁率造成的轨道摄动。文中的所谓圆轨道指的是变轨时刻的密切轨道为圆形以及是对近圆轨道的近似替代。     

航天器远程自主交会方法设计与实现

为解决未来交会对接任务的自主化问题,提出航天器远程自主交会方法。给出适用于远程自主交会的变轨策略,设计航天器上自主变轨规划算法,通过初值计算和精确解迭代两个步骤对变轨策略进行求解,获得变轨控制参数。采用拟平均根数法结合平均密度法进行轨道预报,在尽量保证模型精度的同时极大降低了轨控参数求解过程中的在轨计算量。仿真结果表明,使用该方法规划的远程导引段轨道控制,可使终端精度满足指标要求,且方法简单可靠、合理可行,具有工程应用价值。     

航天器交会两点边界值问题

从绝对运动和相对运动两方面讨论近地空间航天器交会中的两点边界值问题。其中，绝对运动涉及多圈Lambert问题，以Lagrange时间方程为研究工具，而相对运动Lambert问题应用C—W线性解。对圆轨道之间的双冲量转移，给定转移角与转移时间，研究最小变轨速度增量所对应的转移圈数与轨道参数的求解方法，提出满足最小变轨速度增量要求的多圈转移的工程图解法，并从工程应用出发，在飞行时间约束下，按最小速度增量要求，阐述航天器交会两点之间飞行轨道（轨迹）设计方法。这种方法将飞行轨迹划分为初始漂移段、轨道转移段与终端停泊段三部分，应用两点边界值问题的解，选择两次冲量机动时刻，使速度增量之和最小。模拟算例表明，这种方法对航天器交会设计是适用的、有效的。     

无需变轨实现单航天器对星座中多卫星的近距离接近

针对目前广泛应用的相位同构星座,讨论了一种无需变轨实现单航天器与多颗卫星近距离接近的轨道设计方法.其设计思想是首先根据接近任意两颗卫星轨道的约束条件得到轨道簇,再利用搜索的方法从中找出能接近其他一颗或多颗卫星的轨道.研究表明,利用这种方法能设计得到至少接近三颗非共轨卫星的多条轨道.文中给出了一个算例,针对描述符为6018/6/2的星座,得到了多条能接近3-5颗卫星的轨道.     

无需变轨实现单航天器对星座中多卫星的近距离接近

针对日前广泛应用的相位同构星座，讨论了一种无需变轨实现单航天器与多颗卫星近距离接近的轨道设计方法。其设计思想是首先根据接近任意两颗卫星轨道的约束条件得到轨道簇，再利用搜索的方法从中找出能接近其他一颗或多颗卫星的轨道。研究表明，利用这种方法能设计得到至少接近三颗非共轨卫星的多条轨道。文中给出了一个算例，针对描述符为60：18／6／2的星座，得到了多条能接近3—5颗卫星的轨道。     

一种超参数自适应航天器交会变轨策略优化方法

利用强化学习技术,本文提出了一种超参数自适应的燃料最优地球同步轨道（GEO）航天器交会变轨策略优化方法。首先,建立了GEO航天器交会Lambert变轨模型。以变轨时刻为决策变量、燃料消耗为适应度函数,使用改进式综合学习粒子群算法（ICLPSO）作为变轨策略优化的基础方法。其次,考虑到求解的最优性和快速性,重新设计了以粒子群算法（PSO）优化结果为参考基线的奖励函数。使用一族典型GEO航天器交会工况训练深度确定性策略梯度神经网络（DDPG）。将DDPG与ICLPSO组合为强化学习粒子群算法（RLPSO）,从而实现算法超参数根据实时迭代收敛情况的自适应动态调整。最后,仿真结果表明与PSO、综合学习粒子群算法（CLPSO）相比,RLPSO在较少迭代后即可给出适应度较高的规划结果,减轻了迭代过程中的计算资源消耗。     

航天器椭圆轨道自主交会的鲁棒滑模控制

提出了一种在缺少绝对轨道信息时的航天器椭圆轨道自主交会方法。用Lawden方程描述椭圆轨道的两星相对运动关系,将方程中的时变参数单独归类。在时变参数无法获知时,视其为不确定量,构成不确定系统。用不确定系统的鲁棒滑模控制方法设计了椭圆轨道自主交会的控制律,并证明了不确定系统为渐进稳定。仿真结果表明:在仅有相对状态信息条件下,设计的控制律能实现椭圆轨道航天器的自主交会。     

A new approach to optimum sizing and in-orbit utilization of spacecraft photovoltaic power systems

This paper presents a systems approach to optimization of the size and orbital life of photovoltaic systems via minimizing the nighttime energy demand while maximizing the daytime energy consumption. The Day-Night Management of Load (DANMOE) strategy calls for sizing the system to a pre-selected day/night average load power ratio and operating the spacecraft in orbit within the day and night capacity capability, rather than the conventional single orbital average power capability. Examples for the Space Station and the telecommunication satellites show that the reduction in their specific masses can be substantial using any of the photovoltaic system technologies. The DANMOE scheme may also be used effectively to extend the life of batteries on currently orbiting satellites, and hence prolong their lifetime. The paper also discusses other benefits at the spacecraft level and the method of implementing the DANMOE approach.     

Protecting spacecraft against meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage: an overview

Meteoroids and orbital debris pose a serious damage threat to all spacecraft. The effects of a meteoroid/orbital debris (M/OD) impact depend on a variety of factors, including where the M/OD impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, and the function of the impacted spacecraft system. These effects can be minimal, can degrade a functional spacecraft component, or can compromise spacecraft functionality, even to the point of mission loss or loss of life. To minimize the damage threat from the meteoroid/orbital debris environment, it is often necessary to install protective shielding around critical spacecraft systems. If a system cannot be shielded, operational constraints may need to be imposed to reduce the damage threat. This paper presents an overview of the research and development activities performed since the late 1950s with an aim of increasing the level of protection afforded satellites and spacecraft operating in the M/OD environment and ultimately mitigating the mechanical and structural effects of an M/OD impact.     

Tracking and data relay satellite system: NASA's new spacecraft data acquisition system

The growth in NASA's ground network complexity and cost triggered a search for an alternative. Through a lease service contract, Western Union will provide to NASA 10 years of space communications services with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). A constellation of four operating satellites in geostationary orbit and a single ground terminal will provide complete tracking, telemetry and command service for all of NASA's Earth orbital satellites below an altitude of 12,000 km. The system is shared: two satellites will be dedicated to NASA service; a third will provide backup as a shared spare; the fourth satellite will be dedicated to Western Union's Advanced Westar commercial service. Western Union will operate the ground terminal and provide operational satellite control. NASA's Network Control Center will provide the focal point for scheduling user services and controlling the interface between TDRSS and the rest of the NASA communications network, project control centers and data processing facilities. TDRSS single access user spacecraft data systems should be designed for efficient time shared data relay support. Reimbursement policy and rate structure for non-NASA users are currently being developed.     

大型低轨航天器与星座卫星的碰撞风险研究

针对商业小卫星星座迅猛发展对航天器飞行安全造成潜在威胁的问题,以600 km高度星座和大型低轨航天器为研究对象,通过区域方法(BOX)和碰撞概率风险评估方法,分析了星座与大型低轨航天器的碰撞风险。根据星座轨道演化分析表明,整个星座卫星与大型低轨航天器可能发生碰撞的时间相对集中,持续时间约 1~ 2年。BOX方法计算结果表明,每颗卫星与大型低轨航天器交会,并进入红色预警门限的交会次数约10次左右。碰撞概率计算结果表明,约有5%的卫星进入红色预警门限,星座如果在寿命末期采取无控再入将对大型低轨航天器在1~2年内产生较大的威胁。     

Reconfigurable dual feed antenna for direct broadcast satellites

Direct Broadcast Satellites covering large countries such as Canada, require more than one spacecraft, located at different orbital positions, as well as the use of multiple shaped beams. This would minimize eclipse requirements over several time zones, provide increased capacity by frequency reuse and permit the use of cost effective ground receivers.Two such satellites are envisaged, one covering Eastern Canada, the other Western Canada, using two different sets of three highly shaped beams. This paper is the result of a feasibility study of a satellite antenna designed such that while at either orbital location it can be reconfigured in orbit, by ground command and hence can save the cost of one additional spare spacecraft.An offset parabolic reflector is proposed for the 12 GHz downlink, with a switched “dual feed” structure, consisting of two separate but contiguous sets of pyramidal horns and their associated beam forming networks (BFN). Only one BFN set is used at any one orbital location. Detailed radiation patterns demonstrate good beamshaping capabilities, with coverage efficiencies of the order of 94%. Other considerations such as the effect of orbital locations, gain equalization and TWTA standardization are discussed.It is concluded that a satellite, reconfigurable in orbit with a “dual feed” antenna, is feasible and cost effective, for a DBS spare as well as for the main spacecraft.     

基于APP的卫星地面遥控系统安全性设计

目前,我国绝大部分卫星的遥控指令上行操作必须在专用测控网内进行,当卫星发生在轨异常时,相关支持人员必须赶赴测控中心现场进行集中处置,非工作时段时效性较低,不利于紧急情况下的异常快速处置。对基于APP的卫星地面遥控系统安全应用方案进行了研究和设计,旨在为我国未来卫星高效运行管理提供一种新的手段,通过原型系统的仿真测试,验证了系统的技术可行性,实现卫星管理相关人员在远离测控中心的情况下也能安全有效地参与在轨异常应急处置。     

Analysis on coverage ability of BeiDou navigation satellite system for manned spacecraft

To investigate the service ability of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) for manned spacecraft, both the current regional and the future-planned global constellations of BDS are introduced and simulated. The orbital parameters of the International Space Station and China׳s Tiangong-1 spacelab are used to create the simulation scenario and evaluate the performance of the BDS constellations. The number of visible satellites and the position dilution (PDOP) of precision at the spacecraft-based receiver are evaluated. Simulation and analysis show quantitative results on the coverage ability and time percentages of both the current BDS regional and future global constellations for manned-space orbits which can be a guideline to the applications and mission design of BDS receivers on manned spacecraft.     

中间轨道方法的奇点处理问题

利用既有的Ｂａｒｒｏｒ中间轨道计算方法中的奇点处理方法，对有些特殊轨道不能处理，用本文所述方法不但能处理各种卫星轨道问题，也能处理各种导弹轨道的特殊计算问题。     

Cost reduction trends in space communications by larger satellites/platforms

The paper analyses first the satellite growth trend in the past and the specific characteristics of communication satellites, as there are specific mass per channel and payload share vs. spacecraft mass.

With assistance of a cost model (derived from actual spacecraft cost) it is shown that larger satellites are more cost effective. The same applies to the launch cost, also showing a reduction in specific cost (per kg or per channel-year) for larger payloads.

Finally different types of communication satellites/platforms are compared (two smaller satellites, one large satellite, modular docked assemblies) for the same total communication capacity of 72 000 dual telephone channels. It is shown that for each orbital communication capacity a certain optimum spacecraft size exists which leads to minimum space segment cost.     

国外中继卫星对航天器交会对接的测控通信支持

中继卫星系统的天基测控通信是近代航天技术的重大突破,它能够有效地满足航天器交会对接的测控通信需要。文章分析了美国＂跟踪与数据中继卫星系统＂（TDRSS）和欧洲＂阿特米斯＂（ARTEMIS）中继卫星对＂自动转移飞行器＂（ATV）与＂国际空间站＂（ISS）交会对接任务的测控通信支持,总结了国外中继卫星系统支持航天器交会对接...