A Brief History of Radar

In his report about experiments with radio communication in the Baltic Sea in 1897, Russian scientist Alexander Popov reported the detection of a warship Lieutenant Il'in when it crossed the radio communication link between two other ships Europe and Africa. This observation was the first mention about the possibility of object detection by means of radio waves. The first patent on the phenomena was obtained in 1904 by German engineer Christian Hiilsmeyer who called this device the Telemobiloskop. However, neither A. Popov's observation nor C. Hulsmeyer's invention was the subject of any development up to the 1930s of the 20th century. This is a partial summary of the work done by the Soviet Union and Russia in the field of radar.     

艰难的机载相控阵雷达发展之路

机载相控阵雷达（AESA）是一项具有革命意义的创新技术。它从萌发到成长,从概念到成功应用,凝聚了多学科、多领域的众多科学家和工程师们的辛勤劳动成果。它的出现不仅仅是技术上的一次突破,也深刻影响了未来战争的作战模式,为新的战术战法创造了巨大的想象和发展空间。     

Radar: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper

The Cassini RADAR instrument is a multimode 13.8 GHz multiple-beam sensor that can operate as a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imager, altimeter, scatterometer, and radiometer. The principal objective of the RADAR is to map the surface of Titan. This will be done in the imaging, scatterometer, and radiometer modes. The RADAR altimeter data will provide information on relative elevations in selected areas. Surfaces of the Saturn’s icy satellites will be explored utilizing the RADAR radiometer and scatterometer modes. Saturn’s atmosphere and rings will be probed in the radiometer mode only. The instrument is a joint development by JPL/NASA and ASI. The RADAR design features significant autonomy and data compression capabilities. It is expected that the instrument will detect surfaces with backscatter coefficient as low as −40 dB.RADAR Team LeaderThis revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

The DFTSD: A Sequential Suboptimum Processor for Multiple-Range-Bin Radar Systems

A class of simple and efficient digital sequential detectors is presented, which are particularly suitable for application to radar systems where the antenna dwell time is easily varied. A methematical method, based on the random walk model, is developed to evaluate the DFTSD (digital fixed-thresholds sequential detector) performance. The DFTSD has a loss of 0.2 to 0.3 dB with respect to the digital SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) in the case of a single-range-bin system. Finally, results for the multiple-range-bin case are presented and compared with the performance of a moving-window detector.     

The Series 320 Radar: Three-Dimensional Air Surveillance for the 1980s

Air surveillance radars for this decade will be required to provide reliable target location and trajectory information in height as well as the conventional geographical coordinates. These threedimensional radars will perform this task in spite of adverse environmental conditions such as ground, airborne clutter, and electromagnetic interference. The use of powerful false-alarm control processing allows automatic target detection and remoting of target information without overloading central processing capabilities. The technological evolution of the past decade has allowed sophisticated analysis, antenna/receiver/transmitter design, and signal/data processing techniques to be applied to the next generation of practical production radar systems. These radars will meet more severe performance requirements and will be significantly improved in terms of reliability, maintainability, and life cycle cost considerations. A candidate radar to fulfill the air surveillance role of this decade is the Series 320 radar manufactured by ITT Gilfillan.     

The Circular Synthetic Radar

A new type of synthetic radar, the circular synthetic radar, uses a simple interferometer whose elements are mounted at the ends of a horizontal boom rotating about a vertical mast. Pulses are radiated alternately ?in-phase? and in ?phase-quadrature.? The returning echoes are also detected incoherently, both ?in-phase? and in ?phase-quadrature.? The four distinct outputs are fed into an on-line computer which, after a Fourier analysis, synthesizes a mapping function of the azimuthal distribution of targets.     

高超声速尾迹雷达散射湍流场研究

为给高超声速再入尾迹亚密湍流雷达散射分析提供所需的脉动背景场参数 ,本文提出计算非平衡再入湍流尾迹脉动等离子体场的理论方法。在研究高超声速尾迹流动特征的基础上 ,推导、使用包括化学组份浓度脉动强度的k ε g湍流模型 ,用以封闭高超声速尾迹雷诺平均控制方程 ,并用全隐式有限差分求解。以M∞ =2 1 .2 6、Re∞D =1 .33× 1 0 6的小钝锥体流动为例 ,得到的结果说明 :流场的流向和径向参数分布合理 ;在转捩点后较近距离内湍流脉动影响较大 ,随着向下游流动脉动影响迅速减弱 ;本文计算尾迹湍流脉动等离子体场的方法是可行的     

Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.     

The Need for a Wholistic Design Approach when using Gallium Arsenide Technology

The emerging Gallium Arsenide digital integrated circuit technology is rapidly becoming well enough established that designers of signal and data processors are planning its incorporation into advanced computational engines of all types. An examination of the characteristics of present and future generation GaAs integrated circuits indicates that they will emphasize moderate on-chip gate counts and high gate speeds. Complete advantage can be taken of GaAs digital technology only if traditional signal processor architectures are completely recast at the memory layout, logic design, arithmetic implementation, and system architecture levels, and if these issues are considered in combination with system, logic board, and chip layout and packaging constraints in a single integrated approach.     

某相控雷达内部环境温度预估

应用离散结构三维温度场分析程序 ,将固体、流体表面的对流作为接触问题处理 ,并把太阳辐射作为外部热流数据、内部电子作为内部热源 ,计算了某相控雷达的温度分布。     

超声速火箭橇全程速度雷达测试方法

针对超声速侵彻类火箭橇试验的全程速度测试难题, 提出了多台雷达来向 与去向结合的接力测试方案, 并阐述了实现该方案需解决的关键技术及解决途径, 包 括：高精度同步与远端控制装置设计和多台雷达数据融合处理,最后通过试验对该方法 进行了原理验证,验证结果满足要求。     

“甲虫”-AE雷达一些设计细节

在世人眼中,俄罗斯雷达工业总是蒙着一层面纱。这里介绍的俄罗斯有源相控阵（AESA）雷达的一些设计细节,有助于加深大家对俄罗斯先进AESA雷达研制情况的了解。     

软件雷达中的总线技术

根据软件雷达开放性的内涵,提出其开放性是以总线及标准的总线接口为基础的,分析了软件雷达对总线资源的要求。讨论了目前的总线技术,给出了一种基于交叉开关网络互联的软件雷达总线结构,并探讨了该结构的特点。     

Atomic Decomposition for Radar Applications

In this paper, we explore the promising capabilities of atomic decomposition (AD) for radar-related applications from a practical point of view. Some enhancements and new approaches are proposed herein, and their implementations are fully detailed. We apply the AD algorithms in two different environments, for signal detection where high sensitivity is the main requirement, and for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging where focused images, target feature extraction, and computational burden are the fundamental concerns.     

Nostradamus: An OTH Radar

ONERA, funded by the French Ministry of Defence has conducted the realization and experimentations of the Doppler Skywave OTH radar called NOSTRADAMUS. One of the main characteristics of Skywave OTH radar is the dependence to the ionosphere for successful operation. The use of the HF band allows Skywave OTH radar to bounce radio waves from the ionosphere, receiving tiny signals back from reflecting surfaces as the sea, islands, ships and aircraft. The knowledge of the behavior of the ionosphere in a real time configuration is of primary importance because it influences on the choice of frequencies. Radars systems require developing a real-time frequency management system (FMS) using prediction program or measurements supplied by vertical or oblique sounders. The French OTH radar concept has been developed and implemented so that the radar could be completely autonomous with respect to others "ionospheric information providers." This paper presents the NOSTRADAMUS system, the frequency management system, and shows some results obtained during the past years     

质量管理体系评审应关注的问题

根据ISO9000族标准质量管理体系的要求,管理评审应重点关注三个问题:质量管理体系的适宜性、充分性和有效性。     

Quasi-Impulse Generator for Chirp Radar

A technique for generation of a large spectral bandwidth wave form is described which, when utilized as a dispersive delay line excitation signal, provides an efficient means for generation of large-percentage-bandwidth linear FM radar transmit pulses.     

雷测数据动态滞后修正方法研究

针对试验任务中可能出现的雷测数据动态滞后误差,分析了雷达伺服系统产生动态滞后误差的原因,采用实用的统计分群滤波方法对数据进行有效修正,从而提高数据处理精度。通过对同一问题数据进行3种不同的处理,比对各种结果,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

The CLFM: A Method of Generating Linear Frequency-Coded Radar Pulses

A simple method of generating a coherent linear frequency-modulated pulse, suitable for use in a radar pulse-compression system, is described. The method, termed CLFM, employs a swept-frequency oscillator with closed-loop control of its phase. The phase-error voltages for the loop are obtained by sampling the waveform at regular intervals. The sampling technique itself is unconventional and avoids the need for large bandwidth circuitry. Results obtained with a demonstration model of the CLFM, generating a signal with a time-bandwidth product of 1000, are described.