Phase separated membrane bioreactor: results from model system studies.

The operation and evaluation of a bioreactor designed for high intensity oxygen transfer in a microgravity environment is described. The reactor itself consists of a zero headspace liquid phase separated from the air supply by a long length of silicone rubber tubing through which the oxygen diffuses in and the carbon dioxide diffuses out. Mass transfer studies show that the oxygen is film diffusion controlled both externally and internally to the tubing and not by diffusion across the tube walls. Methods of upgrading the design to eliminate these resistances are proposed. Cell growth was obtained in the fermenter using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing that this concept is capable of sustaining cell growth in the terrestrial [correction of terrestial] simulation.     

Evolution of a phase separated gravity independent bioreactor.

The evolution of a phase-separated gravity-independent bioreactor is described. The initial prototype, a zero head-space manifold silicone membrane based reactor, maintained large diffusional resistances. Obtaining oxygen transfer rates needed to support carbon-recycling aerobic microbes is impossible if large resistances are maintained. Next generation designs (Mark I and II) mimic heat exchanger design to promote turbulence at the tubing-liquid interface, thereby reducing liquid and gas side diffusional resistances. While oxygen transfer rates increased by a factor of ten, liquid channeling prevented further increases. To overcome these problems, a Mark III reactor was developed which maintains inverted phases, i.e., media flows inside the silicone tubing, oxygen gas is applied external to the tubing. This enhances design through changes in gas side driving force concentration and liquid side turbulence levels. Combining an applied external pressure of four atmospheres with increased Reynolds numbers resulted in oxygen transfer intensities of 232 mmol O2/l/h (1000 times greater than first prototype and comparable to a conventional fermenter). A 1.0 liter Mark III reactor can potentially deliver oxygen supplies necessary to support cell cultures needed to recycle a 10 astronaut carbon load continuously.     

Lunar base CELSS design and analysis.

This paper describes the conceptual development of a hybrid biological-physical/chemical (P/C) life support system model for a lunar outpost. It presents steps that lead to loop closure and determines mass flow characteristics for an inedible biomass enzyme reactor and an activated sludge bioreactor. Computer modeling techniques were used to determine that the cellulose reactor has the design capabilities to provide significant increases in the plant harvest index. Activated sludge was found to fit design demands for a small, continuous-flow, steady-state system. Systems analysis and component sizing for these two bioreactors and information regarding supporting bioregenerative and physical/chemical components are presented.     

数字闭环光纤陀螺频率特性的计算和测试方法

建立数字闭环光纤陀螺FOG(fiber-optics gyroscopes)的数学模型,得到描写模型的差分方程,推导出与之对应的微分方程和传递函数.分析传递函数与FOG模型的误差,得出数字闭环FOG频率特性的计算方法.研究在普通速率转台测试数字闭环FOG频率特性的方法.并将测试数据与计算数据加以比较验证.计算和测试的结果证明了该计算的测试方法是准确和有效的.     

航天遥感器用泵驱两相流体回路热真空试验研究

针对航天遥感器核心组件的高精度与高稳定度的控温需求,设计并搭建了一套泵驱两相流体回路(MPTL)试验装置,该装置使用了一套具有被动冷却能力的两相控温型储液器。为验证MPTL系统在高真空、极低温与变化外热流条件下的工作能力,在真空罐内对MPTL系统在不同工况点下的散热与控温能力进行了测试,并通过温度和压力等数据研究了主回路的运行特性、储液器内热力学变化特性及两者之间的传热传质过程。结果表明：MPTL系统的控温点可通过储液器进行快速调整,蒸发器温度的变化受外热流与热源开关影响较小;进入毛细管中的过冷液与储液器中的液相形成的温差保证了储液器冷量的供应;主回路发生相态转变时,储液器与主回路工质交换特性引起了系统压力降脉动。     

并联蒸发器环路热管实验研究

采用并联蒸发器环路热管作为传热元件,并联冷却管辐射器作为散热部件,建立了包括热量收集、传递与排散的环路热管(LHP)集成试验系统,并进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:在并联蒸发器LHP系统中,蒸发器按顺序先后启动是其稳定的启动方式;在LHP运行过程中,当LHP工作在可变热导模式下,只有一个液体补偿器中保持汽液两相状态,并控制着LHP的运行温度,另一个液体补偿器则被充满液体,且处于过冷状态;在总热负荷不变的情况下,随着热负荷在蒸发器之间的分配不同,LHP的运行温度改变。当LHP工作在固定热导模式下,LHP的运行温度只与总热负荷有关,而与热负荷的分配情况无关。     

丙烯环路热管补偿器的可视化实验研究

通过采用石英补偿器和高速摄像机实现了对丙烯环路热管补偿器的可视化实验研究,重点研究了补偿器内工质的状态随充装量和传热量的变化及充装量对环路热管传热性能的影响。研究发现,容积为51.4 mL的环路热管最佳充装量约为19.7 g。充装量小于最佳充装量的各工况下,能观察到对应补偿器内工质液面高度低于引流管,蒸发器和补偿器之间相变换热强烈,引流管外壁面明显有工质的冷凝及流动,且工质冷凝和流动的速度随着传热量的增加而加快;随着充装量增加,环路热管传热热阻减小,280 K工作温度以下的传热量增大。最佳充装量对应的补偿器内液面高度浸没引流管而接近蒸发器核心通道顶端,得到280 K以下最大传热量为40 W,对应的最优传热热阻为2 K/W。充装量大于最佳充装量的工况下,补偿器内液面高度超过蒸发器核心顶端,随着充装量增加,环路热管传热热阻增大,280 K以下的传热量减小。补偿器和蒸发器核心通道内的工质分布能影响蒸发器向补偿器的漏热量,这是充装量影响环路热管性能的重要原因。      

环路热管蒸发器毛细芯传热流动特性的一维分析

文章通过对液体在环路热管蒸发器毛细芯中的两种蒸发状态——表面蒸发状态、汽膜蒸发状态的分析，对液体在环路热管蒸发器毛细芯中的传热流动特性进行了一维数值计算，理论计算表明：在毛细芯正常工作状态下，液体在毛细芯中的蒸发属于表面蒸发，只有在进口液体存在过冷度时，汽膜蒸发才有可能存在。另外，文章还对毛细芯的壁厚、毛细芯的导热系数、进口液体的过冷度等因素对毛细芯传热流动特性的影响进行了讨论。     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems: developmental aspects based on the space flight results of the C.E.B.A.S. MIN-MODULE.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is an artificial aquatic ecosystem which contains teleost fishes, water snails, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and edible non-gravitropic water plants. It serves as a model for aquatic food production modules which are not seriously affected by microgravity and other space conditions. Its space flight version, the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE was already successfully tested in the STS-89 and STS-90 (NEUROLAB) missions. It will be flown a third time in space with the STS-107 mission in January 2003. All results obtained so far in space indicate that the basic concept of the system is more than suitable to drive forward its development. The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is located within a middeck locker with limited space for additional components. These technical limitations allow only some modifications which lead to a maximum experiment time span of 120 days which is not long enough for scientifically essential multi-generation-experiments. The first necessary step is the development of "harvesting devices" for the different organisms. In the limited space of the plant bioreactor a high biomass production leads to self-shadowing effects which results in an uncontrolled degradation and increased oxygen consumption by microorganisms which will endanger the fishes and snails. It was shown already that the latter reproduce excellently in space and that the reproductive functions of the fish species are not affected. Although the parent-offspring-cannibalism of the ovoviviparous fish species (Xiphophorus helleri) serves as a regulating factor in population dynamics an uncontrolled snail reproduction will also induce an increased oxygen consumption per se and a high ammonia concentration in the water. If harvesting locks can be handled by astronauts in, e. g., 4-week intervals their construction is not very difficult and basic technical solutions are already developed. The second problem is the feeding of the animals. Although C.E.B.A.S.-based aquaculture modules are designed to be closed food loop systems (edible herbivorous fish species and edible water plants) which are already verified on Earth this will not be possible in space without devices in which the animals are fed from a food storage. This has to be done at least once daily which would waste too much crew time when done by astronauts. So, the development of a reliable automated food dispenser has highest priority. Also in this case basic technical solutions are already elaborated. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the proposed further C.E.B.A.S.-based development of longer-term duration aquatic food production modules.     

Differentiation of cartilaginous anlagen in entire embryonic mouse limbs cultured in a rotating bioreactor.

Mechanisms involved in development of the embryonic limb have remained the same throughout eons of genetic and environmental evolution under Earth gravity (1 g). During the spaceflight era it has been of interest to explore the ancient theory that form of the skeleton develops in response to gravity, and that changes in gravitational forces can change the developmental pattern of the limb. This has been shown in vivo and in vitro, allowing the hypergravity of centrifugation and microgravity of space to be used as tools to increase our knowledge of limb development. In recapitulations of spaceflight experiments, premetatarsals were cultured in suspension in a bioreactor, and found to be shorter and less differentiated than those cultured in standard culture dishes. This study only measured length of the metatarsals, and did not account for possible changes due to the skeletal elements having a more in vivo 3D shape while in suspension vs. flattened tissues compressed by their own weight. A culture system with an outcome closer to in vivo and that supports growth of younger limb buds than traditional systems will allow studies of early Hox gene expression, and contribute to the understanding of very early stages of development. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if entire limb buds could be cultured in the bioreactor, and to compare the growth and differentiation with that of culturing in a culture dish system. Fore and hind limbs from E11-E13 ICR mouse embryos were cultured for six days, either in the bioreactor or in center-well organ culture dishes, fixed, and embedded for histology. E13 specimens grown in culture dishes were flat, while bioreactor culture specimens had a more in vivo-like 3D limb shape. Sections showed excellent cartilage differentiation in both culture systems, with more cell maturation, and hypertrophy in the specimens cultured in the bioreactor. Younger limb buds fused together during culture, so an additional set of E11.5 limb buds was cultured with and without encapsulation in alginate prior to culturing in the bioreactor. Encapsulated limbs grown in the bioreactor did not fuse together, but developed only the more proximal elements while limbs grown in culture dishes formed proximal and distal elements. Alginate encapsulation may have reduced oxygenation to the progress zone of the developing limb bud resulting in lack of development of the more distal elements. These results show that the bioreactor supports growth and differentiation of skeletal elements in entire E13 limb buds, and that a method to culture younger limb buds without fusing together needs to be developed if any morphometric analysis is to be performed.     

两相控温型储液器进出流量的瞬态数值模拟

两相控温型储液器是泵驱两相流体回路（MPTL）系统中的一个重要部件,承担着工质存储、供给、气液分离及精密控温的作用。采用Navier-Stokes方程建立了MPTL系统瞬态模拟的仿真模型,可用于研究热源功率变化时储液器与主回路的动态传热和传质特性。通过仿真与试验对比发现,数值模型的流量误差在±10%以内,验证了模型的有效性和准确度。数值模拟结果表明:热源开关机时,储液器与主回路发生工质交换,气液两相的温度和压力受到影响,系统的流阻也受到影响;随着热源功率的增加,工质交换速率和交换总量随之增加,储液器内气液两相的温度和压力变化趋势随之增大。该模型可用于研究不同工作条件下的流量、温度和干度的变化特性,指导MPTL设计,并在系统搭建前预测系统特性。      

逆载对管道内汽水两相流临界热流密度的影响

利用旋转平台对逆载作用下矩形通道内汽水两相流临界换热进行了实验研究。通过改变逆载大小、入口流体过冷度、流体质量流速等参数,获得了静止和逆载作用2种状态下矩形管道内汽水两相流临界换热实验数据。实验结果表明,质量流速随着加热时间的增长而减小,进出口压差则反之;临界状态下,质量流速随着逆载、过冷度的增大而减小;进出口压差随着逆载、质量流速的增大而增大,随着过冷度的增大而减小;临界热流密度值随着逆载、质量流速、入口过冷度的增大而增大;其中逆载对临界热流密度的影响最为显著,在逆载从0g~2.5g变换范围内,临界热流密度可提高50%。     

中断雷达距离跟踪的战斗机机动控制方法

基于跟踪雷达距离自动跟踪系统特性,提出了战斗机中断雷达距离跟踪的机动轨迹控制策略.推导了跟踪雷达距离自动跟踪系统的系统传递函数,研究了跟踪误差产生机理.以二维平面内导弹攻击为例,分析了导弹与战斗机的二阶相对运动模型.在此基础上,基于闭环反馈控制思想,提出了战斗机中断雷达距离跟踪的控制方法,推导了战斗机的机动轨迹控制律,给出了其解析形式.通过数值仿真,分析了该方法的适用范围,为战斗机飞行员制定决策提供了依据.      

导弹滚转通道气动伺服弹性稳定性分析

弹性飞行器可能由于结构、气动及控制的不利耦合引发气动伺服弹性失稳,为此分析了带有差动舵面及控制系统的细长体导弹滚转通道气动伺服弹性稳定性.导弹的广义非定常气动力采用气动导数方法计算,动力学方程考虑了弹体的刚体滚转运动和一阶弹性扭转振动.由导弹动力学方程求解得到滚转通道的开环传递函数,并应用Nyquist方法进行闭环系统稳定性分析.算例表明,若控制系统设计不当,系统有可能在弹性振动频率处发生气动伺服弹性失稳.      

超临界压力RP-3壁面结焦对流阻的影响

实验研究了长时间加热条件下航空煤油RP-3在微细不锈钢管内流动过程中结焦对流动及换热的影响规律。实验中系统压力保持为5 MPa,燃油质量流量为3 g/s。在燃油溶解氧达到饱和的条件下,实验段进出口油温分别为130℃和450℃。实验从开始到终止持续36 h。实验结果表明,随着时间的增长,管内的结焦量不断增加。由于壁面结焦现象对管内流动和换热产生严重的影响,管内各段换热在实验前期迅速恶化逐渐趋于稳定,管内流阻随着实验时间的增加持续增长。管内流动阻力随着时间的增长呈现出"快速增长→平稳增长→急速增长"的过程。另外,基于实验结果,提出了一种影响系数作为判断结焦对换热器单管影响的工程模型。      

Design for a bioreactor with sunlight supply and operations systems for use in the space environment.

An experiment was carried out to determine the characteristics of an operations system that can support fast cultivation of algae at high densities in the weightlessness of space. The experiment was conducted in glass bioreactor tanks, in which light was supplied by radiator rods connected to optical fiber cables. The illumination areas of the tanks were 2600 cm2, 6000 cm2, and 9200 cm2 per liter of solution. The characteristics of O2-CO2 gas exchange, concentration and separation of chlorella in the growth medium, dialysis of ionic salts in the growth medium, etc. were examined. Chloralla ellipsoidea was used in the experiment, yielding the following results: (1) By increasing the ratio of illumination area to volume, growth rates of up to approximately 0.6 g/L h could be obtained in a highly concentrated solution (one that contains 20 g/L or more of algae). (2) The most suitable proportions of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases for growing algae quickly at high concentrations were found to be 10% CO2 and 10% O2 (by volume). (3) There was a high optimum concentration for fast cultivation, and the data obtained resembled the theoretical curve postulated by P. Behrens et al. (4) It was possible to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen using gas-permeable membrane modules. (5) It was possible to separate the chlorella from the growth medium and recycle the medium.     

空间两相环路热控系统的动力学特性

针对两种典型的两相环路热控系统——毛细力驱动的平板型环路热管和机械泵驱动的两相环路热控系统(硅微条探测器控温系统, TTCS)展开讨论, 分析其工作原理, 介绍地面测试实验系统, 使用SINDA/FLUINT和Maltab/Simulink软件分别建立其动态模型. 研究结果表明, 平板型环路热管和TTCS均存在启动问题; 平板型环路热管运行时可能有较严重的稳定性问题, 而TTCS的稳定性相对较高; 重力对平板型环路热管的性能有较大影响, TTCS受重力的影响不大; 双通道平板型环路热管可以比单通道环路平板型环路热管有更优异的传热性能, 而TTCS的双辐射器结构可以有良好的流量和热量自调节能力. 在选择两相环路热控系统时, 需考虑热源的分布特点、寿命要求、控温要求以及系统尺寸和质量等因素, 这两种两相热控技术未来可交叉借鉴、优势互补.      

空间科学实验平台分布式风回路优化设计

空间科学实验平台是集机械、热控、电子学及通信等系统于一体的综合平台, 能够为有效载荷提供适宜的工作环境. 为减小通风回路的流动阻力, 提高空气流量及其散热能力, 对采用强迫通风冷却散热方式的空间科学实验平台分布式风回路提出三种结构布局并进行对比. 利用计算流体力学方法对三种布局的压力场和速度场进行了计算, 得到空间科学实验平台内部阻力和速度分布. 综合考虑三种布局的结构及流场阻力特性, 得到空间科学实验平台分布式风回路的优化设计结果.      

液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管实验研究

深低温环路热管是一种高效的深低温两相传热器件,未来可广泛应用于红外探测等空间项目的低温热控系统。为有效减小热管与热负荷间的接触热阻及热管的背向漏热,采用氧化锆作为毛细芯材料,研发了氮工质平板蒸发器环路热管,重点研究了热管的自启动特性、传热性能以及在间歇性热负荷下的运行情况。结果表明:在无辅助情况下,液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管自启动性能良好,可依靠工质扩散从室温迅速降温至液氮温区。环路热管能够在70~100 K温区稳定运行,热阻随运行温度和热负荷的上升而减小,最大传热功率为15 W,最小热阻为0.8 K/W。在蒸发器间歇性加热的情况下,环路热管可以保持温度稳定,热响应迅速,无需二次降温。液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管有效满足了空间低温光学系统的热控制系统的热传输需求。      

含有多级驱动机构卫星的多变量频域稳定性分析方法

摘要： 针对含有多级驱动机构卫星的多级复合控制系统,提出一种多变量频域稳定性分析方法.首先,基于小量假设建立含有多级驱动机构卫星一体化线性模型,针对星体和载荷姿态设计单通道输出线性反馈控制器,采用传递函数矩阵的矩阵分式描述,进行多项式矩阵变换得到多通道闭环系统极点分布规律,确定闭环系统多变量频域输入输出稳定性条件.算例和仿真结果表明,该方法能够验证含有多级驱动机构卫星闭环系统稳定性,并为控制器参数设计提供了有效工具.