动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

Iterative Optimal Orthogonalization of the Strapdown Matrix

This paper treats the problem of finding an orthogonal matrix which is the closest, in the Forbenius norm, to a given nonorthogonal matrix. This nonorthogonal matrix is the result of a fast but rather inaccurate computation of the well-known direction cosine matrix (DCM) of a strapdown inertial navigation system. The known closed-form solution to this problem is rederived using the directional derivative method, and the conditions for minimum distance are derived and discussed. A new iterative technique for solving this problem is derived as a result of the application of the gradient projection technique and the directional derivative method. The practical computational problems involved in this technique are discussed. The new technique is demonstrated by three examples. Although particular attention is given to the 3 X 3 direction cosine matrix, the conclusions are nonetheless valid higher order matries.     

CN群上对称结构的双协调模态综合

在结构完整性研究中实施模态分析的成功程度颇大地取决于提取结构主模态的能力。本文提出一种新的方法, 它把群论算法与双协调子结构法组合起来去分析回转对称 CN 结构。通过在保证精度的条件下消去子结构之间的自由度和波传播自由度, 大幅度地减缩综合的规模, 从而提高了提取效率。文末, 给出了一个算例, 以各种方法所得结果的比较, 来阐明本方法的优越性。      

Optimum Alignment of an Inertial Autonavigator

The performance of an inertial autonavigator can only be as good as the accuracy to which the system is initially aligned. Optical methods of alignment can be performed with high precision; however, this technique requires external equipment and is subject to some physical constraints, such as land-based operation. The general problem discussed here is the use of an automatic azimuth alignment technique known as gyrocompassing. In the use of the gyrocompassing technique to obtain azimuth alignment, accuracies are degraded considerably by two dominant error sources, the level axis controlling gyro drift rate and the imperfections of reference or independent velocity information. Consequently, an optimum performance controller is developed for driving the system in this mechanization and is based on a priori knowledge of the second-order statistics of the system error sources. The performance criteria will be to minimize the mean square azimuth error.     

Scan-based emitter passive localization

This paper investigates the problem of estimating the position of a scanning emitter using a passive scan-based geolocation technique. This is achieved by taking advantage of the geometric constraints introduced by the uniform rotating motion of the antenna main beam as it sweeps across a number of separate receivers. A detailed analysis of the estimation process and accuracy of the emitter position is given and a number of computer simulations showing the benefits of this geolocation technique are also included     

由飞行试验数据求取直升机气动导数的最佳方法研究

本文主要介绍利用频率法、卡尔曼滤波和最大似然法求取气动导数的方法。方法的特点是,通过频率法使旋翼高频成份的影响减至最小,同时求取试验数据的测量噪声和过程噪声,然后通过卡尔曼滤波使试验数据包含的随机噪声减小,最后使用最大似然法使试验数据包含的随机噪声进一步减小,并求取最终的气动导数。计算结果表明,该方法可使试验数据中包含的噪声减至最小,复合相关系数提高到0.95以上,特征根更接近真值,其准确度优于最小二乘法、频率法、卡尔曼滤波方法和最大似然法,它保留了使用低通滤波数据的卡尔曼滤波方法的优点,克服了原方法振荡模态频率偏低的缺点,适合于各种直升机的导数识别。     

Adaptive Trackers Based on Continuous Learning Theory

The theory of ?continuous learning? is applied here to the design of nonlinear sampled-data trackers. This theory provides a continuous-motion approximation of the discrete or sampled motion of the actual tracker. The theory prodicts the transient-response performance of the tracker as well as the mean-square errors caused by noise and statistical fluctuations in the signal. Numerical examples of first-order and second-order trackers designed by this technique are presented. These examples illustrate the adaptive behavior predicted by the technique. In one of these examples the trade-off between transient-response performance and the suppression of noise-induced tracking errors is demonstrated.     

高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像

针对传统高分辨和宽测绘带以及高信噪比和宽测绘带之间的矛盾,提出一种基于脉内扫描面阵合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统的二维空域联合处理算法实现高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像。文中首先建立脉内扫描面阵SAR系统模型,该系统采用低脉冲重复频率(PRF)获得宽测绘带信息,同时利用脉内扫描方式获得高信噪比的回波信号。对于低PRF采样宽多普勒谱(对应方位高分辨)引起的多普勒模糊以及脉内扫描引起的距离模糊,提出一种二维空域联合处理算法解距离和多普勒模糊,并且详细地分析了地形高度变化对解模糊算法的影响。最后,通过仿真实验验证了本文算法的有效性。     

非线性方程新解法及其在颤振分析中的应用

 从解析函数保角变换出发提出一种求解非线性方程的新算法——正交搜索法。将该算法用于弹性飞机颤振分析问题，可以准确地解出各种状态下的振动模态。该算法可由计算机自动完成，计算过程简便、直观，对飞机设计及颤振主动抑制系统的综合均有参考价值。     

Inverse simulation as a tool for flight dynamics research—Principles and applications

The technique of inverse simulation is finding application in many and varied fields. As the name implies this technique is used to calculate the control action required to achieve a specified system response. The field of aircraft flight dynamics is particularly suited to this form of simulation as the question of what control actions must the pilot (or automatic flight control system) take for the aircraft to fly along a particular trajectory (a landing approach, for example) is often asked. This paper looks specifically at the application of inverse simulation in flight dynamics. The aim is not only to give an overview of the various techniques and applications but also to provide guidance to potential users of the technique on several of the physical and numerical features often observed in the results. An extensive review of the methodologies used within the family of inverse simulations is presented followed by a formal treatment of the theoretical development of inverse simulation as an established technique. A case study involving the inverse simulation of a helicopter flying a slalom manoeuvre is presented to demonstrate the application of inverse simulation in a flight dynamics analysis. An important feature of the use of inverse simulation is that it is necessary to define the output response required—in the case of flight dynamics the required flight path has to be modelled. Some of the methods used are documented, and their validity discussed. The paper also gives an insight into the types of problem which can be addressed by inverse simulation by detailing some of the many applications to which it has been put in the past. These include studies of rotorcraft handling qualities, performance and design, and pilot modelling as well as model validation. An important element of this paper is the formal, theoretical analysis of some of the numerical and physical features exhibited by inverse simulation which should aid potential users to interpret their results. The work presented in this paper shows a clear evolution of inverse simulation from its initial days when the mathematical models used were relatively simple into a mature analytical technique able to incorporate state of the art mathematical models and be applied to real flight dynamics problems.     

多体分离风洞自由飞试验

根据作者多年从事多体分离风洞自由飞试验的经验,对多体分离风洞自由飞试验技术的原理及特点、相似准则、试验装置等技术要点作了介绍,并根据技术特点及应用领域的不同对其进行了分类,对不同类型多体分离风洞自由飞试验的特点作了详细描述,并给出了不同类型实例的试验图像及分离体飞行轨迹曲线。     

Optimization of electrode system for the aircraft time-of-flight ion-marking airspeed and angle of attack sensor

A technique of optimizing the electrode system of the differential recorder for the aircraft time-of-flight ion-marking airspeed and aircraft angle of attack sensor by the criterion of ion-marking recording error variance minimum is considered. The technique is based on analyzing the function of spatial distribution for the ion-marking and recorder electrode interaction field potential and determining a point for which this function reaches the maximum slope. The relations making it possible to synthesize the sensor electrode system by the complex criterion as a ratio of error variance to transformation channel response are obtained.     

On calculation of ideal thrust augmenter

In this paper, a simple technique for calculating the ideal ejector thrust augmenter of a jet engine is presented. It is based on the well-known method for averaging the parameters of a nonuniform gas flow with the entropy of the initial flow being unchanged. Making use of the technique presented, we compare the calculated data on the pressure ratio in the gas being ejected as well as the thrust boost coefficient with those obtained by the other authors. Also shown is the existence of the thrust boost maximum in the ideal and real thrust augmenters when the value of the ejection coefficient is approximately equal to 100.     

Detection Loss of the Sample Matrix Inversion Technique

The sample matrix inversion (SMI) technique is used for Doppler and/or array processing. Previous analysis of the technique has been in terms of signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). For Gaussian statistics, this performance measure gives the same loss values as does a probability of detection analysis for linear-time invariant systems. It is often somewhat less valid for nonlinear or time variant systems. As SMI is a nonlinear technique, a probability of detection analysis has been performed. It is shown that the detection loss is larger than that computed by the SINR measure. It is also shown that though the loss predicted by the SINR measure only depends upon the number of measurements used to estimate the covariance matrix, the detection loss depends upon the false alarm probability and the number of adaptable elements in addition to the number of measurements.     

The Proper Computation of the Matrix Pseudoinverse and its Impact in MVRO Filtering

There have been two new algorithms of fairly recent origin offered for the calculation of the matrix pseudoinverse. Unfortunately, nonpathological counterexamples can be constructed, as offered herein, that demonstrate the questionable nature of these two algorithms; however, a resolution is offered here to help prevent possible uncritical propagation of the questionable algorithms. As a rigorous alternative, a well-established technique (endorsed by numerical analysts) is reviewed for calculating the correct matrix pseudoinverse using a computer. Additionally, this technique possesses existent independently verified/validated and assessible software code for a convenient implementation. However, historical loose ends in calculating the associated condition number are singled out here as cause for concern and as a topic for future resolution and refinement. Finally, as the primary motivation for considering these issues, an application example is offered from estimation theory in the implementation and analysis of a minimum variance reduced-order (MVRO) filter having proper performance that critically hinges on the correct computation of the matrix pseudoinverse. While examples of applying MVRO to navigation applications were provided almost a decade ago, a clear indication of the somewhat restrictive conditions of applicability were wanting and so are elucidated here since there appears to be a resurgence of interest in this analytic technique. Another contribution is in providing a tally of the drawbacks to be incurred in using MVRO as well as its previously publicized benefits.     

Evolution of wall flow structure and measurement of shear stress issuing from supersonic jet with extended shelf

This paper reports an experimental study on the supersonic jet surface flow structure visualization and shear stress field measurement issuing from a rectangular nozzle with extended shelf. The evolution of the near-field surface flow structures with an increased Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) is successfully captured by the surface oil flow, infrared detection technology, and the Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) technique. Results reveal that under smaller NPR, the wall flow structure is similar to that of a jet without the extended shelf i.e., clean jets, and this is caused by insufficient effect on the boundary layer. However, at higher amplitudes of NPR, there exists a significant effect of the boundary layer, as a near triangular separation forms on the trailing edge of the Mach stem due to the adverse pressure gradient, which is visualized for the very first time in this paper. Furthermore, the vector field of shear stress is measured quantitatively by SSLCC technique. Results shows that the magnitude of shear stress heightened with NPR increasing, and the directions of shear stress changes across the shock wave and expansion fans. In addition, surface streamlines measured by SSLCC is significantly consistent with the streamlines visualized using the oil flow technique.     

基于任意空间属性FFD技术的融合式翼稍小翼稳健型气动优化设计

 以非均匀有理B样条基函数为空间控制体属性,建立了任意空间形状自由变形(FFD)技术参数化方法。所建立的气动外形参数化系统通过FFD控制体的分布以及控制顶点的合理选取,能够对任意复杂外形进行参数化设计。首先采用FFD控制体对某型客机翼稍小翼进行空间属性构建;然后结合基于Delaunay图映射技术建立了结构对接网格变形模式,采用分群粒子群算法以及误差反向传播训练算法(BP)神经网络进行稳健型气动优化系统的构建;最后对某型客机融合式翼稍小翼的后掠角、倾斜角和高度等参数进行稳健型气动优化设计,分析对比了优化前后翼梢小翼表面压力云图、截面压力分布及载荷分布。优化设计结果表明:设计后的翼稍小翼的升阻比与阻力发散特性明显提高。     

一种精确鲁棒的刚体航天器特征轴旋转控制策略(英文)

特征轴旋转表征了两个方位之间的最短角路径,通常被看做是一种拟最小时间的快速姿态机动策略。本文在动力学方程中考虑了外部扰动和系统参数不确定性,基于时变滑模控制技术(TVSMC)研究了刚体航天器特征轴旋转的鲁棒控制问题。首先,通过一个TVSMC算法揭示了所提出鲁棒特征轴旋转策略的主要特点,并且证明了全局滑模的特点和闭环系统的稳定性,给出了特征轴旋转的必要条件。然后,为了抑制全局抖振,提高控制精度,提出了一种基于扰动观测器的时变滑模控制(DOTVSMC)算法。其中,采用边界层方法来削弱抖振并设计了扰动观测器来补偿不期望的影响。在航天器的姿态表征参数选择上,采用了没有冗余性的修正罗德里格斯参数(MRP)。最后,采用数值仿真来验证提出方法的有效性,并采用调宽调频(PWPF)技术来调制开关推力器。     

Generalized input-estimation technique for tracking maneuveringtargets

A new input estimation technique for target tracking problem is proposed. Conventional input estimation techniques assume that the target maneuver level is constant within the detection window, which has been the major drawback of the techniques. The proposed technique is developed to overcome this drawback by modeling the target maneuver as a linear combination of some basic time functions. The resulting algorithm has a generalized formulation including earlier works on input estimation. A detection performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed by investigating the detection sensitivity according to the selection of maneuver models and other design parameters such as the detection window size, measurement noise level, and sampling step size. A computer simulation study shows that the estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable to Bogler's input estimation method while the computation time is greatly reduced     

模拟二维周期性非定常流动的谐波分析方法

介绍了一种从频域出发模拟二维周期性非定常翼型绕流的数值方法.考虑到很多工程中遇到的非定常流动问题都是周期性的,因此非定常流场中的守恒变量可以展开为傅立叶级数,其系数随空间位置的不同而改变.将这样的谐波假设引入欧拉方程,经过处理的方程不显式地含有时间导数项,实际求解的方程将具有定常方程的形式.在使用多重网格技术后,计算可以很快达到收敛.对NACA64A010翼型典型的周期性非定常绕流进行的数值模拟表明,这种方法在能够给出较为准确的计算结果的同时,与传统的双时间方法相比,可以大幅提高计算效率.