线极化状态下接收机相位补偿分析

船载卫通站在跟踪线极化星时,跟踪接收机相位出现随地理位置变化而变化的现象,影响跟踪性能。本文结合实际工作经验,利用电磁场理论,以平面极化波正交分解为切入点,讨论了线极化状态下和/差信号相位,对线极化状态下跟踪接收机相位补偿原理进行了初步分析,得出接收机相位补偿值为极化角变化量的结论。     

一种新型双线极化BD2 B3抗干扰天线设计

设计了一种双线极化BD2B3抗干扰天线单元,采用2个幅度相等相位相差90°的馈电点,产生幅度相等相位正交的2个线极化波实现双线极化,用该天线单元进行抗干扰阵列组合,能够有效减小天线阵列的体积。     

中继卫星S/Ka双频地面站天线共用跟踪接收机

论述了Ka频段圆波导TE11和TE21模自跟踪体制和S频段正十字排列四喇叭自跟踪体制共用两信道自跟踪接收机问题.导出了来波及地面天线S频段和、差信道极化特性引起的角误差电压的交叉耦合系数公式.还可以进一步使S/Ka两个频段共用一套能跟踪（直接序列）扩频信号源的伪单脉冲（单信道单脉冲）自跟踪接收机.     

利用旋转双天线载波相位双差的欺骗干扰检测技术

有效的欺骗干扰检测是防止卫星导航接收机被欺骗干扰攻击的前提。提出了一种基于旋转双天线载波相位双差的卫星导航接收机欺骗干扰检测技术,在对接收机双天线匀速旋转时输出载波相位测量值进行载波相位双差处理后,利用广义似然比检验实现了对单一发射天线输出欺骗干扰信号的检测。进一步分析了旋转半径和数据长度对检测性能的影响,并与旋转单天线和天线阵载波相位双差欺骗干扰检测方法的性能进行了对比。最后,通过蒙特卡罗方法进行了仿真验证,结果表明了该检测方法和检测性能分析的正确性。     

矢量结构对载波相位的预测

高精度定位通常采用载波相位测距，而当全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收机信号受到遮挡、存在干扰等环境影响时，载波相位易出现跟踪不连续的问题，从而影响定位精度。针对这一问题提出了一种采用矢量结构对载波相位的预测方法，预测值辅助载波相位的跟踪，为了使预测值对载波相位跟踪效果更好，使用接收信号的质量确定预测值对载波相位的影响比例。最后，试验验证了通过矢量结构对载波相位进行预测，有效地改善了载波相位的跟踪能力，从而对载波相位连续跟踪，并有效地提高定位精度。     

波束波导馈电系统在深空探测天线应用中的关键技术研究

针对波束波导馈电系统在深空探测天线应用中存在的电小尺寸镜面绕射引起波束波导传输效率降低,不同极化工作时波束指向不一致,以及TE21模跟踪时坐标转换等问题,进行深入研究并给出相应的解决方案或数学模型.通过优化椭球镜M5的曲率,解决了电小尺寸镜面绕射使波束波导传输效率下降问题,使S频段的传输效率提高约4％,35 m天线副反射面的截获效率增加约11％,天线增益提高0.7 dB;给出天线束峰值位置随方位、俯仰角变化的数学模型,提出了中值补偿方法,使天线左右旋极化峰值不一致增益损失减小约0.16 dB,并给出TE21模跟踪时的坐标转换数学模型.这些方法和数学模型已成功应用于实际工程中,并取得了良好的效果.     

波束波导天线角误差坐标变换方法

针对波束波导馈电天线无法对空间移动目标进行单脉冲跟踪的特点,首先分析了单脉冲跟踪角误差电压形成机理,同时定义了天线及馈源角误差坐标系,并通过分析常规天线及波束波导馈电天线跟踪移动目标时角误差电压特性,在国内首次得出了波束波导馈电天线跟踪空间移动目标的角误差电压坐标变换公式,最后,通过某波束波导馈电天线系统工程实践对该变换公式进行验证。结果表明,单脉冲跟踪角误差坐标变换模型完全满足波束波导天线对移动目标进行全空域高精度跟踪的要求。     

船载卫通站单脉冲跟踪接收机典型故障分析

描述了某船载卫通站天线跟踪丢失目标的故障现象,从天线跟踪系统的设备组成和工作原理入手,结合设备工作环境和条件,详细说明了故障排查与定位过程。针对接收机中频信号频带内发现的主信号漂移及杂散频率干扰现象,分析了C-L频段变频器本振频率漂移产生的原因,以及设备环境温度、振动等外部因素和器件老化等内部因素对本振频率参数的综合影响,给出了通过调节C-L变频器本振单元微调元件进行频率修正来规避杂散信号对主信号干扰的方法。结果表明,该方法能有效解决天线跟踪的故障问题。     

短波接收机的电磁兼容结构设计

为保证短波定时仪的正常工作,针对时统设备中短波接收机设计了整机电磁兼容实验;同时针对短波接收机内部2块点频接收板之间存在的干扰问题,设计了短波接收机内部的电磁兼容实验。试验中,通过加装专用的带通滤波器,使天线端子辐射降低了25dB,解决了天线端子发射超标的问题;通过对短波接收机进行电磁屏蔽和接地设计,解决了2块点频接收板之间的干扰问题,消除了15MHz接收机工作时的啸叫现象。实际使用效果和电磁兼容检测结果验证了短波接收机电磁兼容设计的合理性和有效性。     

多径效应对GPS载波相位观测量的影响

推导了ＧＰＳ接收机中多径效应引入的最大载波相位跟踪误差的闭合形式。得到以下结论：当直达信号跟踪误差不超过１码片时,最大载波测相多径误差为１／４周,该值出现在测码伪距多径误差最小的情况下;当直达信号跟踪误差超过或等于１码片时,接收机跟踪多径信号,信号误检发生。     

Polarization Mismatch Errors in Radio Phase Interferometers

An analysis is presented which deals with the effects of polarization mismatch errors on the accuracy of a phase interferometer used for position location of unknown emitters relative to known calibration emitters. Closed-form expressions for the induced phase difference between interferometer antennas are derived for several combinations of receiving and transmitting antenna polarizations. Errors contributed by mechanical misalignment between antennas, as well as effects of power loss attributable to polarization mismatch, are also considered. The analysis leads to the conclusion that circularly polarized interferometer and transmitter antennas are best suited for the position location application, if it is assumed that polarization tracking of the interferometer antennas is not available. It is shown that a reasonable amount of ellipticity can be tolerated before the phase error becomes significant.     

飞行器表面缝隙电磁散射特性研究

 在常规飞行器的各类电磁散射源中,缝隙属于弱散射源,但对于隐身飞行器,缝隙电磁散射不可忽略。为研究飞行器缝隙电磁散射特性,在不同极化下,将缝隙置于金属平板的对角线,削弱金属边缘电磁散射影响。通过系列雷达散射截面(RCS)测试分析,得到了缝隙电磁散射随缝隙宽度、（多缝隙）缝隙间距的变化规律,以及其极化特性。不同宽度单缝测试结果表明:对于水平极化,缝隙宽度小于波长的1/4时,缝隙的宽度增加将导致缝隙引起的表面波散射快速增长,反之,呈下降趋势;对于垂直极化,缝隙宽度较小时试件的电磁散射与无缝金属平板接近,当缝隙宽度大于波长的1/2时,宽度增加时,其散射增强。多缝隙测试结果表明缝隙间距会影响散射的空间分布、波峰位置,可以理解为对各单缝隙散射叠加效果的影响。垂直极化影响强于水平极化。     

Polarization of Light Scattered by Cometary Dust Particles: Observations and Tentative Interpretations

Analysis of the polarization of light scattered by cometary particles reveals similarities amongst the phase curves, together with some clear differences: i) comets with a strong silicate emission feature present a high maximum in polarization, ii) the polarization is always slightly lower than the average in inner comae and stronger in jet-like structures. These results are in excellent agreement with the Greenberg model of dust particles built up of fluffy aggregates of much smaller grains. Also, they suggest the existence of different regions of formation, and of different stages of evolution for the scattering particles inside a given cometary coma. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling and analysis for the GPS pseudo-range observable

In this paper, a digital system for the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudo-range observable is modeled and analyzed theoretically. The observable is measured in a GPS receiver by accurately tracking the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code phase of the input GPS signal using a digital energy detector and a digital delay lock loop (DDLL). The following issues are presented: (1) mathematical modeling of the digital PRN code acquisition and tracking system, (2) the closed-form expression derivation for the detection and false-alarm probabilities of the acquisition process and for the variance of code phase tracking error, and (3) the linear and nonlinear performance analysis of the DDLL for optimizing the receiver structures and parameters with tradeoff between the tracking errors due to receiver dynamics and due to input noise     

The Effect of Satellite Spin on Two-Way Doppler Rangerate Measurements

The rotation of a spin-stabilized satellite employing a turnstile antenna for reception and retransmission affects two-way Doppler range-rate measurements. Two different types of tracking systems are considered and, in both systems, the range-rate measurement is changed by the amount begin{equation*} |Delta dot{r}| = frac{|1 pm 1/k|}{2} lambda_{t}f_{s} end{equation*} where k is the turn-around ratio of the satellite transponder, Xt is the wavelength of the ground-based transmitter, and fs is the spin rate of the satellite. The positive sign is used if the turnstile antenna elements are connected to give the same polarization for both reception and transmission. If the antenna connections result in different polarizations, the minus sign is used and the magnitude of the effect is reduced.     

基于UKF准开环结构的高动态载波跟踪环路

 对高动态环境下的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）载波信号跟踪方法进行了研究。在分析高动态载波信号模型的基础上,提出了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）的准开环载波跟踪方法。此方法能够消除导航数据二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制的影响,并采用四维UKF相位估计模型提高跟踪精度,同时对估计值进行补偿以减少滤波器的滞后性。通过模拟接收机的高动态运动轨迹,从跟踪误差、跟踪结果和补偿效果3个方面,与基于卡尔曼滤波（KF）的锁频环(FLL)辅助锁相环(PLL)结构的传统跟踪方法进行比较,结果表明基于UKF的准开环跟踪方法能够有效地完成高动态环境下的载波跟踪。     

脉冲干扰对软件接收机的影响分析

卫星信号经过长距离传播,信号能量损耗严重,到达地面的功率很弱,容易受到各种干扰的影响。脉冲干扰为常见的干扰类型,所以针对不同功率、不同周期,以及不同占空比的脉冲干扰信号,通过接收前端采集受脉冲干扰的GPS L1信号,利用软件接收机及多相关器生成技术,详细分析了脉冲干扰对接收机信号捕获与跟踪性能的影响。分析结果表明,周期为1ms的脉冲干扰信号,能对接收机产生强烈的干扰效果,捕获图中的噪声明显增大;跟踪过程中,载噪比和相关值突发性减小,造成跟踪数据异常。而长周期的脉冲信号仅在脉冲到达时影响接收机的捕获和跟踪,但由于信号跟踪不能连续进行,导致伪距观测量的不连续与导航数据不能正常解码,从而干扰接收机。     

Source localization using a non-cocentered orthogonal loop and dipole （NCOLD） array

A uniform array of scalar-sensors with intersensor spacings over a large aperture size generally offers enhanced resolution and source localization accuracy,but it may also lead to cyclic ambiguity.By exploiting the polarization information of impinging waves,an electromagnetic vector-sensor array outperforms the unpolarized scalar-sensor array in resolving this cyclic ambiguity.However,the electromagnetic vector-sensor array usually consists of cocentered orthogonal loops and dipoles（COLD）,which is easily subjected to mutual coupling across these cocentered dipoles/loops.As a result,the source localization performance of the COLD array may substantially degrade rather than being improved.This paper proposes a new source localization method with a non-cocentered orthogonal loop and dipole（NCOLD）array.The NCOLD array contains only one dipole or loop on each array grid,and the intersensor spacings are larger than a half-wavelength.Therefore,unlike the COLD array,these well separated dipoles/loops minimize the mutual coupling effects and extend the spatial aperture as well.With the NCOLD array,the proposed method can effciently exploit the polarization information to offer high localization precision.     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

The White Sands Range and Range-Rate System

This paper discusses the concept, design, and design verification of the White Sands Range and Range-Rate System. Development of the system has been completed only through the design phase. The system is designed to meet requirements for high-accuracy midcourse tracking under severe target dynamics at the White Sands Missile Range. It is a multistatic Doppler and range tracker which operates at X band and incorporates transmitter, transponder, receiver, and baseline subsystems. The transmitter includes specially designed digital circuitry to synthesize test signals for target simulation during checkout of the system. The transponder signal is processed by a receiver which has been established theoretically to be the optimum realizable processor of continuous tracking data. The receiver incorporates specially designed carrier acquisition circuitry and digital VCO, and directly provides digital Doppler and tone phase data to facilitate real-time processing. The system utilizes data from other tracking systems at the Range for spatial acquisition, for aiding carrier acquisition in the receiver, and for resolving range ambiguities.