利用摆动地球敏感器两个探测器输出的姿态确定

摆动地球敏感器是地球同步通信卫星控制系统的重要部件。这种敏感器主要用于卫星的姿态测量,测量量作为控制系统的输入信号计算控制输出量。摆动地球敏感器有4个探测器,目前在轨卫星的基本使用方法均为至少使用3个探测器的测量信息进行姿态确定。本文给出了使用2个探测器测量确定卫星姿态的计算方法,并结合实际情况给出了使用策略。这种姿态确定方法大大拓宽了地球敏感器的使用范围,增加了地球敏感器的冗余性,延长了部件的使用寿命。     

超构材料红外探测芯片的研究进展

在梳理超构材料的概念与发展历程的基础上,着重分析了超构材料对波长、偏振态、相位等电磁波参量的调控作用。结合红外探测芯片及成像系统的发展趋势,介绍了超构材料与红外探测芯片的结合,及其在双色/多色成像、偏振成像、高光谱成像等先进成像模式中的应用,以及国内外相关研究进展。     

碲镉汞红外材料与器件的空间应用

碲镉汞（ＭＣＴ）是一种十分重要的红外半导体材料，近十几年来，由于国防工业和遥感技术发展的需要，碲镉汞红外探测器的独特性能获得了迅速的发展和广泛的应用。简要讨论了碲镉汞红外器件和材料的发展和进展情况；论述了碲镉汞红外器件在空间的应用，主要包括卫星侦察、目标跟踪、地球资源勘探、环境监测和防护、气象预报、宇宙空间观察等；此外还讨论了空间技术发展和遥感技术发展对碲镉汞红外探测器和材料提出的一些新的要求，提出了相应的建议和对策。     

SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy

SOFIA is a planned 2.5 meter telescope to be installed in a Boeing 747 aircraft and operated at altitudes from 41,000 to 46,000 feet. It will permit routine measurement of infrared radiation inaccessible from the ground-based sites, and observation of astronomical objects and transient events from anywhere in the world. The concept is based on 18 years of experience with NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), which SOFIA would replace.     

Present situation in the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Recently, the interpretation given to the so-called “unidentified” infrared emission bands has drastically improved. These bands are attributed to the fundamental vibrations of large molecules known in organic chemistry as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's). In this paper, we review the main arguments which led to this conclusion and focus our attention to some recent IR and UV spectroscopic studies which allow us to interpret further the main characteristics of astronomical spectra.     

Initial results from the extreme ultraviolet explorer

Data obtained during the first five months of calibration and science operation of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) are presented. Spectra of an extragalactic object were obtained; the object is detectable to wavelengths longer than 100 Å, demonstrating that extragalactic EUV astronomy is possible. Spectra of a hot white dwarf, and a late-type star in quiescence and flaring are shown as examples of the type of spectrographic data obtainable with EUVE. Other objects for which broad band photometric mode data have been obtained and analyzed include an RS CVn star and several late-type stars. The backgrounds in the EUVE detectors are quite low and the character of the diffuse astronomical EUV background has been investigated using these very low rates. Evidence is presented showing that, contrary to previously published reports, EUVE is about three times more sensitive than the English Wide Field Camera in the short wavelength bandpass covered by both instruments. Only limited information has been extracted from the longer bandpasses covered only by EUVE. Nonetheless, the brightest EUV source in the sky, a B star, has been discovered and is detected only in these longer bandpasses.     

摆动式扫描红外地球敏感器在轨探头级备份工作研究

针对摆动式扫描红外地球敏感器两个探测器工作时输出弦宽信息的特点以及现役通信卫星的一般配置,提出了使用两个探测器信息进行姿态确定及利用双份地球敏感器进行探头级备份工作的方法,该方法在工程实现上简单易行,实现精度较高,且提高了在轨卫星地球敏感器的使用可靠性及冗余度.     

红外探测器晶片电极设计与应力分析

红外探测器是卫星姿态控制中不可或缺的一种探测器.总结了国外近年来红外热敏探测器晶片电极的研究进展,重点介绍了热敏电阻晶片电极的设计思路及其制备工艺.分析了薄膜金属电极给热敏电阻晶片组件带来的各类应力.提出在热敏电阻晶片电极设计时,应选择合适的电极结构、电极材料、膜层厚度、金属薄膜的制备工艺、热处理制度等工艺参数,并确保热敏电阻晶片焊点的应力较低,才能保证红外探测器的性能及其可靠性.实验结果表明,采用Ti/Au双层结构电极的热敏电阻可达到理想的噪声系数和良好的界面结合力.     

Infrared observations of contaminants from shuttle flight 51-F

A small helium cooled infrared telescope, IRT, was flown on the Shuttle in July/August 1985. The principle astrophysical objectives were to measure the large scale structure of sources and the background radiation. A cold shutter was incorporated to permit absolute flux measurements. Additionally, the engineering objectives included setting upper limits on the infrared radiation from the local environment. Even though the local background overwhelmed the astrophysical background, astronomical sources were still detectable superimposed on this background radiation. Data are presented covering the spectral range from 2μm to 120μm. The spatial, spectral and temporal variations are described. Based on the spectral character and variability in different wavelength bands, the background radiation does not appear to have a single origin. In this paper the results on the Shuttle environment will be presented. The astrophysical results will be presented elsewhere.     

Out-of-ecliptic distribution of interplanetary dust derived from near earth flux

The out-of-ecliptic distribution of interplanetary dust, i.e. its number density, mainly has been subject to optical or infrared remote sensing techniques. As the population in interplanetary space is made up of orbiting particles which will cross the ecliptic plane, determination of their orbital properties there gives a possibility also to derive their out-of-ecliptic distribution. Determination of orbital elements is provided by advanced detectors capable of measuring the vector of impact velocity. In a simple model, which applies for advanced detectors in near earth orbit, the feasibility of the method to determine the out-of-ecliptic spatial distribution of dust has been tested.     

高超声速飞行器惯性/天文鲁棒组合导航方法

对于高超声速飞行而言,惯性/天文组合导航的应用将会面临异常值干扰和噪声特性变化等问题,需要控制天文量测中异常值扰动的影响,提高对于可靠量测信息的利用效率。为此,本文研究了一种基于平衡因子的组合导航方法,采用鲁棒滤波方法进行惯性/天文组合导航系统的量测更新,将自适应滤波技术引入到鲁棒滤波中,考虑到天文量测信息不同的噪声特性和水平,将自适应因子分解为姿态自适应因子和位置自适应因子,从而平衡状态预测信息和天文测量信息的贡献。仿真结果表明,本文方法可以显著提高高动态环境影响下的组合导航性能。     

The extreme ultraviolet explorer and the local interstellar medium

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) mission is described with emphasis on the overall capabilities of the instrumentation and the relevance of the mission to determining parameters of the local interstellar medium. The primary purpose of the mission is to search the celestial sphere for astronomical sources of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation (100–1000Å). The search will be accomplished with the use of three EUV telescopes, sensitive to different segments of the EUV band. A fourth telescope will perform a high sensitivity search of a limited sample of the sky in the shortest wavelength bands. The all-sky survey will be carried out in the first six months of the mission. The second six months of the mission, conducted entirely by Guest Investigators selected by NASA, will be devoted to spectroscopic observations of selected EUV sources. The instrumentation is now well developed. The mirrors meet the requirements of the mission with the best mirror having a full-width half energy spread of 8 arc seconds and a surface finish of 20Å. Prototype thin film bandpass filters have been flown on the Space Shuttle and their performance optimized. Prototype detectors have been developed which have 600 by 600 pixel imaging capability and up to 80% quantum efficiency in parts of the EUV band. A newly invented, high efficiency, grazing incidence spectrometer using variable line space gratings is under development; prototype gratings have been fabricated which provide 75% of theoretical efficiency. An end-to-end (star to as-received flight data) model of the mission has been constructed. Hypothetical, but realistic, flux data from continuous astronomical sources absorbed by intervening material have been processed through this model and show the ability of the EUVE instrumentation to measure such parameters as the hydrogen to helium ratio of the local interstellar medium.     

Diurnal variation of earth radiation budget components above Africa and the neighboring Atlantic Ocean; Changes between 1983 and 1985, estimated from METEOSAT observations adjusted to ERBS data

METEOSAT observations in the thermal infrared “window” and “water vapor” channels, as well as in the visible channel, reveal diurnal variations over large areas which remain significant in the monthly means. The variations in the infrared correspond to diurnal cycles in the surface skin temperature (over land) and in cloud cover (over both land and sea) at various levels, and they must appear as a more or less significant diurnal variation in the integrated longwave emission to space of the Earth-atmosphere system. The diurnal cycle in the reflected shortwave radiation is influenced by these meteorological variations as well as by the astronomical cycle and the anisotropic reflectance. These must be taken into account in studies of Earth Radiation Budget variations. Using nearly simultaneous and spatially coincident pixel data from the ERBE scanner on ERBS and from METEOSAT in November 1984, we construct provisional transfer functions relating the narrow-band METEOSAT infrared observations to the longwave radiant exitance at the top of the atmosphere. We apply these transfer functions to the METEOSAT ISCCP B2 data sets for the summers of 1983–1985, and compare the resulting longwave radiant exitance estimates, with particular attention to the diurnal variation, which should be relatively insensitive to the inaccuracy inherent in applying the provisional (November 1984) transfer functions to the 1983–1985 data.     

InSb光学带隙的掺杂调控研究

利用布里奇曼法进行了InAsSb半导体合金的生长,并对其结构、光学及电学特性进行了表征.研究发现,As替位掺杂造成X射线（111）衍射峰略微右移,同时其半高宽明显展宽.基于X射线衍射数据,利用Vegard定律计算出的As组分与能谱测量得到的结果基本吻合.此外,As的掺入使得材料背景载流子浓度略有上升.傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示,As的替入使得材料带隙明显变小,拟合得到的光学带隙与通过Woolley-Warner经验公式得到的值定性一致.研究结果表明,As掺杂是减小InSb带隙,开拓其面向第二个大气窗口红外探测应用的有效途径.     

U.V. astronomy with balloons

Balloon platforms are becoming more and more reliable as carriers of infrared and UV equipment. The balloon environment offers conditions of lower emissivity and higher transparency of the atmosphere. Precise photometric and spectroscopic measurements can be made in all spectral interval exceeding 1950 Å. Stabilized and unexpensive gondola are now available. Thus, high and low resolution spectra can be obtained for numerous stars. Accurate UV-multiband photometry and spectrophotometry are possible for stars members of large galactic clusters. A stabilized astronomical gondola was carrying a Schmidt photographic camera with UV microchannel plate image converter-intensifier. Systematic surveys of the galactic plane and the galactic poles are in progress. The quality of the UV image is good enough to allow a fine morphological analysis of the large galaxies, to detect a large number of nuclei of galaxies and nebulosities.     

The natural background at shuttle altitudes

Optical measurements made from the Space Shuttle include several sources of emission, each modified according to viewing configuration, Shuttle altitude, solar activity, local time, and latitude. These sources include the atmospheric emissions and emissions of non-terrestrial origin (such as stellar, interstellar, and interplanetary), together with any contamination emission induced by the Shuttle itself. In order to make astronomical observations from the Shuttle, the observer needs good information on the intensities and spectral characteristics of these various sources. In this paper we present a model spectrum for one of these components, the natural airglow background. The spectrum is modeled over a wavelength range extending from the extreme ultraviolet to the near infrared. This model is based on our present knowledge of the upper atmosphere. The effect of different viewing configurations is illustrated, together with day to night variations. The results synthesized here assume an ideal vehicle in the sense that no contaminant emissions are induced by the Shuttle and payload. These spectra therefore represent a baseline which can be used to locate unanticipated or non-ambient features.     

Infrared astronomy on the Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope offers enormous advantages to infrared astronomy in certain situations. The advantages of being above the atmosphere include an increase in spatial resolution, a much wider range of wavelengths available, and lower background radiation. Compared to proposed cooled telescopes, HST offers higher spatial resolution and increased collecting area. HST is particularly well suited to observations at wavelengths less than ～5 μm, where the diffraction limit is less than the seeing limit from the ground and thermal emission does not seriously compromise the sensitivity of the detectors. HST is also favorable for observations requiring high spectral resolution at all wavelengths not accessible from the ground.     

中国空间天文40周年

过去40年中国空间天文学研究取得了巨大的发展.尤其是近10年内发射了数颗天文卫星,未来几年还将有一些天文卫星计划发射.本文简要回顾了国际空间天文学的发展历程.对中国空间天文学过去40年的发展进行了回顾和总结,包括1970年代第一颗天文卫星计划、气球空间天文探测、基于载人航天工程的空间天文实验以及天文卫星等.此外,介绍了...