Geographical variation of connection between cloud coverage and surface solar radiation from meteosat images

Empirical relations have been determined between the cloud coverage and the surface global radiation for the Hungarian station Budapest and for the Transdanubial and Great Plain regions of Hungary. A few differences were found in the formulae for the different regions, however these were not too large. The purpose of this investigation was to check the applicability of the formulae for the regions of Central and Southern Europe, in order to investigate the geographical variations of the connections between the cloud coverage and surface global radiation.     

Robust extension of the simple sea-surface irradiance model to handle cloudy conditions for the global ocean using satellite remote sensing data

Sea-surface solar radiation (abbreviated as photosynthetically available radiation, PAR) in the visible wavelength (400–700 nm) is an essential parameter to estimate marine primary productivity and understanding phytoplankton dynamics, upper ocean physics and biogeochemical processes. Although many remote-sensing models were developed to estimate daily PAR (DPAR) from ocean colour data, these models often produce biases in the DPAR products under cloudy-sky and complex atmospheric conditions due to the lack of parameterization to deal with the cloud cover conditions and insufficient in-situ DPAR data. This study presents an Extended Sea-surface Solar Irradiance Model (ESSIM) for estimating DPAR over the global ocean. The ESSIM uses the direct and diffuse components from the Simple sea-surface Solar Irradiance Model (SSIM) along with a new parameter to handle cloudy conditions. The ESSIM produced DPAR products with greater accuracy under both clear and cloudy conditions. Its performance was tested on the time-series MODIS-Aqua images and compared with the concurrent in-situ data and the results from two global models. Results showed that the DPAR values produced by ESSIM agree with in-situ data better than the global models for all-sky conditions (with a mean relative error of 11.267 %; a root mean square error of 5.563 Em^?2day^?1; and a mean net bias of 2.917 Em^?2day^?1). The ESSIM performed slightly better than the SSIM for clear conditions and the Frouin's Operational Algorithm (FOA) for all-sky conditions. As the new parameterization accounts for cloudy conditions, the ESSIM produced more accurate results for cloud cover conditions across latitudes (up to 60°). The time-series Level-3 binned MODIS-Aqua data (global gridded) also demonstrated that the ESSIM improved the accuracy of DPAR products and produced spatially and temporally consistent DPAR products over the global ocean regardless of the seasons and sky conditions.     

Radiation budget and cloud properties from METEOSAT observations

Studies of the Earth's radiation budget from polar orbiting satellite systems, such as the forthcoming NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, suffer from errors due to a poor temporal sampling of the diurnal variations in the radiation field. A knowledge of the causes and magnitudes of such variations is of importance in minimising these errors. This paper presents data on daily mean radiation budget parameters, together with their variation over the daylight hours, relating them to physical processes within the earth/atmosphere system. The most significant cause of variability is shown to be persistent high level cloud. The relative magnitude of cloud induced variability in the visible and infrared spectral regions is derived.     

基于免疫抗体编码机理的卫星图像云探测

针对卫星遥感图像中云与下垫面的复杂性和多样性,提出了一种新的在复杂背景下常用目标图像描述方法.通过类比生物免疫抗体特异性与其构成单元氨基酸性质的相关性,得到目标图像的免疫基元集合形式及其分类方法.借鉴生物免疫抗体编码顺序中氨基酸结合能量最小原则,统计分析出训练样本的免疫基元亲和度计算公式,实现了目标图像描述的有限多特征优化组合.对于云检测问题,最终提出云的免疫抗体编码方法,定义了云的免疫亲和度计算公式,并成功构建了云免疫抗体.经200幅IKONOS卫星图像测试,验证了该方法在识别率和运行时间效率方面的有效性.      

The compatability of cloud tracked winds from the United States,European, and Japanese geostationary satellites

Overlap of coverage of the five geostationary satellites has allowed an intercomparison of the FGGE cloud tracked winds. No attempt was made during FGGE to standardize the cloud tracking techniques. In spite of this potential for differences between data sets, the compatability of the various cloud wind data sets was generally quite good. The vector magnitude differences between nearly co-located vectors showed similar cumulative frequency statistics for all data producers. A study of systematic biases which could affect a global wind analysis of any given synoptic period showed that image alignment errors caused less than 2 m s^?1 bias for all data producers except the NESS high level winds which had an average bias of slightly greater than 3 m s^?1. This appears to be caused by the manual alignment of images in the movie loops. Height bias studies showed the Japanese winds to be higher than other data producers by as much as 100 mb for both the high and low levels winds. Height biases appear to be caused by the differences in cloud wind height assignment procedures.     

一种基于层次聚类的空间非合作目标重构方法

由于激光传感器内在的缺陷,获得的非合作目标原始点云数据往往处于一个分布不均匀的状态,这就对后续的高质量非合作目标表面重构带来了很大的挑战.提出了一种基于全局约束的局部层次聚类方法来提升非合作目标点云分布的连续性.该方法主要可分为两步：1.基于全局约束的自适应八叉树三维空间分解,2.基于全局约束的层次聚类.第一步的主要目的是为了降低算法的复杂度,第二步则将分布不均匀的点集转化为均匀分布的状态.本文在三个非合作目标模型上进行了实验.实验的可视化结果与定量计算结果均验证了该方法的有效性.     

二次曲面拟合与拟合参数不确定度分析

由离散点进行二次曲面拟合问题可归结为存在约束条件的非线性优化问题,在总结了拟合参数初值计算和优化算法的基础上,研究了点位的坐标测量误差对拟合参数和曲面轮廓度评价的影响.给出了评价二者不确定度的解析方法和Monte-Carlo模拟方法,并指出,对于实际的测量数据,只有采用Monte-Carlo模拟方法进行拟合参数和轮廓度的不确定度评价才是可靠的.仿真实验和实物测量实验表明,给出的二次曲面拟合方法和不确定度估计方法是正确的.      

基于激光反射层析法的换能器声场测量技术及仿真研究

换能器的辐射声场分布能够直接反映出换能器声学性能的好坏,若不能精确测量出换能器的辐射声场,则会对换能器的诊断和评估造成严重影响。从理论仿真的角度出发,推导了运用激光反射层析法重建换能器辐射声场的理论公式,着重利用推导出的理论公式对激光反射层析法进行了仿真计算。结果表明激光反射层析法能够精确地重建出换能器的辐射声场分布及声场中的声压量值,这为换能器的声场重建及声压测量提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于激光反射层析法的换能器声场测量技术及仿真研究

换能器的辐射声场分布能够直接反映出换能器声学性能的好坏,若不能精确测量出换能器的辐射声场,则会对换能器的诊断和评估造成严重影响。从理论仿真的角度出发,推导了运用激光反射层析法重建换能器辐射声场的理论公式,着重利用推导出的理论公式对激光反射层析法进行了仿真计算。结果表明激光反射层析法能够精确地重建出换能器的辐射声场分布及声场中的声压量值,这为换能器的声场重建及声压测量提供了一种可行的方法。     

空间碎片云演变过程的阶段划分

根据碎片云从破碎点开始向空间扩散过程中碎片密度和形状的变化规律,以几何形状和起主要作用的因素为特征,定义了球形、椭球形、绳形、螺旋线形、全方位弥漫直至球壳形六个演变阶段.论述了在各个阶段的主要特征和对演变过程起主要作用的因素.总结了与演变过程相关的轨道运动理论和研究方法,分析了各个阶段演变的动力学原理.在球形阶段起主要作用的是分离速度;椭球形阶段可以利用线性化相对运动方程进行分析;绳形与螺旋线形在几何上有质变,但都有结点和结线,并可以利用速度增量理论分析和解释其存在的原因.轨道摄动力消除了结点和结线,导致碎片云的全方位弥漫,并最终使碎片云趋于球壳形.推导和罗列了各阶段转换标志点时刻的计算公式,利用计算机仿真的方法,给出了近地轨道各个阶段碎片云分布示意图,验证了演变过程阶段划分的合理性.     

基于起爆概率的无线电引信抗箔条干扰能力的量化表征方法

针对现有量化无线电引信抗箔条干扰方法的缺少,以防空导弹引信为例,结合箔条云运动轨迹模型和概率统计手段,提出基于起爆概率的无线电引信抗箔条干扰能力的量化表征方法。首先,在对单根箔条丝的螺旋下降运动进行分析的基础上,结合6-DOF非线性差分方程迭代计算得到箔条云的运动轨迹。其次,通过拟蒙特卡罗算法推导出箔条云的动态体密度函数,以箔条云的运动模型和动态体密度函数分别计算引信在箔条云近区干扰和远区干扰2种干扰作用下的不起爆概率。基于MATLAB构建箔条云轨迹模型,详细分析后得到箔条云动态的点分布模型,在此基础上利用拟蒙特卡罗方法得到箔条云的动态体密度函数,利用八叉树算法及最小二乘曲面法得到箔条云体积。最后,根据概率定义公式计算出箔条云干扰引信起爆概率。结果表明:所提方法客观、合理,为今后设计无线电引信抗箔条云干扰算法的启动条件提供了理论依据。      

星上通信系统收发性能直接测量的CAT法

直接在系统级测量星上通信系统辐射性能的方法与常规方法（即由分系统测量数据计算出系统数据的方法）相比,有更高的精度。文章介绍的这种方法,在测试系统的构成和软件的编制上,把重点放在用户最关心的指标,如ＥＩＲＰ覆盖等值图,服务区覆盖率,Ｇ／Ｔ值和ＳＦＤ覆盖等值图上。用该方法对中国第三代通信卫星“东方红三号”的有效载荷进行了测试并得到了满意的结果。     

卫星在轨太阳辐射热流的简化计算方法

针对卫星在轨太阳辐射热流计算过程中计算参数多,计算过程复杂的问题,提出了一种简化的计算方法。该方法在分析卫星、地球和太阳三者之间空间几何关系的基础上,建立了新的计算坐标系,在计算坐标系中对卫星、地球和太阳的位置进行了重新规定,并在此坐标系中推导了卫星太阳辐射热流的计算公式。运用此方法对卫星太阳辐射热流进行分析求解时,轨道参数之间的空间角度关系更为简单,仅需对7个主要参数进行计算,与传统方法相比较计算量减少了约2/3。     

在部分烧蚀介质层中或附近的水平线天线辐射方向图的计算

本文从点源的Sommerfeld型积分表达式出发,给出了计算在部分烧蚀介质层中或附近的水平线天线辐射场的公式。也给出了一些具有实用意义的计算例,卉-进行了有关讨论。     

小卫星侦察星座性能评估研究

针对小卫星侦察星座性能评估问题,从覆盖、成本和弹性三方面对小卫星侦察星座的性能指标进行研究,分别构建了考虑存储容量约束的覆盖能力评估模型、成本估计模型以及弹性能力评估模型。在覆盖能力评估模型中,将卫星存储容量作为约束条件,结合卫星覆盖几何模型分析了卫星对地侦察的工作条件,提出考虑存储容量的覆盖指标计算方法;通过小卫星成本模型(small satellite cost model,SSCM)对星座各分系统的成本进行估计;在弹性评估模型中,提出了星座性能损失率指标,并根据星座失效状态概率函数确定了不同失效状态下星座性能损失率的权重。将上述模型应用于SkySat和吉林一号星座的性能评估过程中,结果表明SkySat比吉林一号覆盖能力强、成本低,弹性差。提出的三个模型可用于评价星座优劣,为小卫星侦察星座的建设和性能评估工作提供参考。     

Hierarchical scheduling for real-time agile satellite task scheduling in a dynamic environment

The imaging processes of optical satellites can be easily affected by unexpected environmental changes, such as changes in cloud coverage. Given the difficulty to predict environmental uncertainties, traditional offline scheduling methods need a follow-up re-scheduling process that responds to real-time environmental information. This repetitive scheduling processes make the offline fine scheduling process a waste of computational resources. Additionally, the offline scheduling method is quite complex owing to its lack of a hierarchy mechanism. To solve these problems, we propose a hierarchical scheduling method for the real-time scheduling problem. This method divides the scheduling process into three steps: pre-assignment, rough scheduling, and fine scheduling. A hierarchical scheduling algorithm based on ant colony algorithm is proposed. Tests with 36 scenarios show that the calculation time is efficiently reduced with this new mechanism. With this consideration of the dynamic environment, the re-scheduling process becomes unnecessary, meaning the wasting of computational resources is avoided and the solution profit is improved.     

Remote sensing applications in the meteorology and operational hydrology programmes of WMO

Remote sensing from satellites continues to have a very large impact on the activities of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and continues to provide very great benefits to meteorological services throughout the world. Meteorological satellites provide remotely sensed data which can be converted into meteorological measurements such as cloud cover, cloud motion vectors, surface temperature, vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity, snow and ice cover, ozone and various radiation measurements. The meteorological satellites are part of the global operations of the World Weather Watch Programme which serves as the basic programme of the WMO by supporting other programmes and activities. Satellite measurements are critical to the success of many different components in the World Climate Programme. Special projects are being designed for the 1990s to take advantage of the data from satellite systems designed primarily to provide land or ocean observations. The Applications of Meteorology Programme makes use of remotely sensed data to provide products and services to agricultural, aeronautical and marine activities. The transfer of knowledge and technology in satellite remote sensing applications are important elements of the Technical Co-operation and the Education and Training Programmes.     

稳定因子对FDTD数值计算的影响

讨论了FDTD(Finite-Difference Time-Domain)迭代计算中稳定因子的作用.推导了含有稳定因子的二阶Mur条件修正式,并以线源为例研究了稳定因子对吸收边界性能以及数值稳定性的影响.在三维计算空间中以软激励源形式加入平面波,计算了稳定因子不同时散射场区的RCS以及收敛性能的变化,结果表明在满足数值稳定条件的前提下,增加时间步长对计算更为有利.      

导热误差对温度测量的影响

为了研究直型传感器的导热误差,设计了可同时测量气流温度、支座上部温度和支座下部温度3个测点的传感器,其中测点1和3可根据研究的需要上下移动,并建立了理论模型,推导了导热误差的计算公式.为了避免辐射误差对导热误差的影响,采取根部加热的办法,研究了马赫数、支座温度、长径比对导热误差的影响,得到了可供参考的数据,并将导热误差的计算公式应用到气流流速较低时(Ma=0.1)高温水冷耙某点的导热误差的计算中,计算结果与测量结果误差小于10%.考虑导热误差对测温的影响时,应综合长径比和支座温度两方面的因素,将长径比是否大于10作为衡量是否考虑导热误差的唯一标准是不全面的.