Studies of optical and biological properties of landcover employing shuttle flights of a multispectral linear array radiometer

Studies to characterize optical and biological properties of land cover as observed from space are planned using a six channel, imaging spectroradiometer employing newly developed multispectral linear array (MLA) detector technology. These studies are to take place by mounting the radiometer on the Shuttle and observing areas with dynamic and diverse types of land cover condition. The radiometer will have 15 meter spatial resolution for four, 20 nanometer bands in the visible and near infrared and 30 meter resolution for similarily narrow bands in the shortwave infrared bands. The instrument will scan ± 45 degrees along the Shuttle orbital path. The principle objective of this experiment is to obtain observations that augment knowledge of the distribution of basic land cover types in regions that are known to be key to questions of biogeochemical cycles, energy balance and climatic change. Another key objective is to quantify the bidirectional reflectance of key land cover conditions in major portions of the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared as they are observed from space. The initial execution of this experiment is presently scheduled for late 1987.     

基于中波红外热成像的温度场测量技术研究

随着红外探测技术的不断发展,基于中波红外热成像的测温技术得到了越来越广泛的应用。在研究中波红外成像系统测温原理的基础上,探讨了黑体辐射定标技术,以及环境辐射和定标数据处理方法对测温准确度的影响,提出了一系列的处理方法,实现了一套基于红外成像的温度场测量方案,并有效补偿了环境辐射对测量结果的影响,同时降低了定标数据拟合引起的误差,使测温准确度得到了很好保证。     

A Micro Segment Chamber for the cosmic-ray balloon experiment

The Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) has played important role for the cosmic-ray research. The Micro Segment Chamber (MSC) is a new generation detector evolved from the ECC, which has maximized and extended advantages of ECCs as well as overcome difficulties in the analysis of the events that occur inside the detector. The essential parts of MSC and its application to a balloon experiment for cosmic-ray electron observations are described.     

红外探测器晶片电极设计与应力分析

红外探测器是卫星姿态控制中不可或缺的一种探测器.总结了国外近年来红外热敏探测器晶片电极的研究进展,重点介绍了热敏电阻晶片电极的设计思路及其制备工艺.分析了薄膜金属电极给热敏电阻晶片组件带来的各类应力.提出在热敏电阻晶片电极设计时,应选择合适的电极结构、电极材料、膜层厚度、金属薄膜的制备工艺、热处理制度等工艺参数,并确保热敏电阻晶片焊点的应力较低,才能保证红外探测器的性能及其可靠性.实验结果表明,采用Ti/Au双层结构电极的热敏电阻可达到理想的噪声系数和良好的界面结合力.     

摆动式扫描红外地球敏感器在轨探头级备份工作研究

针对摆动式扫描红外地球敏感器两个探测器工作时输出弦宽信息的特点以及现役通信卫星的一般配置,提出了使用两个探测器信息进行姿态确定及利用双份地球敏感器进行探头级备份工作的方法,该方法在工程实现上简单易行,实现精度较高,且提高了在轨卫星地球敏感器的使用可靠性及冗余度.     

单光束红外光二氧化碳分析仪

介绍了单光束红外光二氧化碳分析仪，该分析仪基于朗伯－比尔定律，采用光源稳流，单片机温度补偿及选用高性能红外探测器等技术，能够对二氧化碳气体进行有效准确的测量和分析，且结构简单，体积小，重量轻，功耗低，响应速度快，可靠性高，具有广阔的应用前景。     

近红外绝对光谱响应度传递标准的研制CSCD

在光辐射计量中,陷阱探测技术是一种重要的探测技术,陷阱探测器是光辐射功率基准量值保持和传递的主要媒介。 InGaAs 陷阱探测器常被作为（900～1700）nm 波段光辐射计量的传递标准。本文基于陷阱探测技术,针对近红外波段量值传递的需求,研制了 InGaAs 陷阱探测器,并进行了性能测试。测试结果显示：在1064nm处绝对光谱响应率为0.7098A/ W,测量不确定度达到0.1%,在（0.1～3） mW 内,其非线性指标优于0.99993,1h 测试非稳定性为0.00495%,空间非均匀性达到0.05%,满足作为传递标准的技术要求。     

哈雷彗星的JHK光度和1.3—2.6微米分光观测结果及分析

本文给出哈雷彗星在1986年3月25日至4月2日之间JHK波段测光和1.3—2.6微米分光观测结果。测光结果表明,3月22日彗星爆发在近红外波段也造成了明显的光变,但恢复正常光度的时间要滞后一些,且光变较之可见光波段要平缓.并指出在爆发期间,彗星除光变外尚有色变。分光观测到彗星在1.4、1.9微米的水发射线和位于2.6微米之外的可能的OH发射线。      

Infrared array detectors

Arrays of detectors sensitive to infrared radiation will enable astronomical observations to be made with shorter observing times than with discrete detectors and with good relative spatial accuracy. Systems using such arrays are being developed for astronomy in several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of an infrared system is given here consisting of a 32×32 element bismuth doped silicon charge injection device array that has been used in an astronomical camera.     

Precision analysis of autonomous orbit determination using star sensor for Beidou MEO satellite

This paper focuses on the autonomous orbit determination accuracy of Beidou MEO satellite using the onboard observations of the star sensors and infrared horizon sensor. A polynomial fitting method is proposed to calibrate the periodic error in the observation of the infrared horizon sensor, which will greatly influence the accuracy of autonomous orbit determination. Test results show that the periodic error can be eliminated using the polynomial fitting method. The User Range Error (URE) of Beidou MEO satellite is less than 2?km using the observations of the star sensors and infrared horizon sensor for autonomous orbit determination. The error of the Right Ascension of Ascending Node (RAAN) is less than 60?$\mathrm{\mu }\text{rad}$ and the observations of star sensors can be used as a spatial basis for Beidou MEO navigation constellation.     

基于虚拟观测值的X射线单脉冲星星光组合导航

传统的X射线脉冲星导航系统需要同时观测3~4颗脉冲星,有效载荷的质量和功耗极大。因此,单探测器脉冲星导航技术是实现航天器利用X射线脉冲星导航的关键举措。针对单探测器脉冲星导航的可观测性弱和精度低等问题提出了基于虚拟观测值的X射线单脉冲星与星光集中式组合滤波的高精度导航方法,即在X射线脉冲星的长周期内增加与星光同时刻观测的虚拟观测值,以实现高精度的集中式组合滤波算法。同时提出了利用神经网络预测虚拟观测值方法,并与利用动力学递推的方法进行比较,精度可以达到10-7量级。仿真结果表明,该方法可大大提高单探测器的导航的可靠性,补偿由于探测器误差造成的导航误差,导航位置误差为259.79 m,同时有效地减小了导航系统的重量,为X射线脉冲星导航的工程实现提供了参考依据。      

基于人工神经网络的红外探测效果评估

红外探测设备是红外系统中的重要组成部分,对其性能评估具有实际意义。分析研究了影响红外探测效果的主要因素,选取环境温度、相对湿度、能见度、辐通量、目标高度和探测距离为评价指标。针对神经网络良好的非线性映射功能及高精度的特点,构建了BP网络评估模型,实验表明,该方法简单有效,评估精度较高,具有很强的实际应用价值。     

The SIRTF mission

This paper describes the status of NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) program. SIRTF will be a cryogenically cooled observatory for infrared astronomy from space and is planned for launch early in the next decade. We discuss a newly modified baseline SIRTF mission and review the state of the detector technology which will provide the heart of SIRTF's scientific advances.     

基于CO2浓度监测的飞机火警探测方法

目前飞机普遍采用感温、感烟火警探测方法,其存在误报率高的缺陷.分析了发生火灾时气态燃烧产物的生成规律,提出了以CO_2气体为火警探测参量,通过准确监测环境中CO_2气体浓度的变化,进行飞机火警探测的方法;根据飞机飞行所处环境条件的特殊性,研究了基于非色散红外(NDIR)吸收原理的CO_2气体浓度监测的飞机火警探测方法应用于飞机上所面临的温度补偿难题;根据飞机火警探测器测量电压与环境温度、参比电压之间的关系,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)法建立飞机火警探测器温度补偿模型;根据飞机火警探测器测量电压与CO_2气体浓度之间的关系,采用PLS法建立CO_2气体浓度计算模型;研究了基于CO_2气体浓度监测的报警算法,为飞机火警探测提供了一种新的方法.     

Interstellar dust models

Interstellar dust models, previously constrained only from the extinction curve, have been radically changed with the arrival of IRAS observations of the dust infrared emission. An important component of interstellar dust is likely to be made of small particles that show a fluctuating temperature upon impinging single photons and which can produce large near and mid infrared excesses ubiquitously observed in the Galaxy and external galaxies. The analysis of COBE data should soon improve our understanding of dust infrared emissivity and particularly for big grains in the submillimeter domain. We will discuss the key observations (spectral features, broad-band colors, correlations with gas tracers…) which put the best constraints on any dust models and show that the next generation of IR/submm satellites (ISO, SIRTF…) should improve our knowledge of interstellar dust composition and the dust redistribution of the stellar energy inside galaxies.     

Dust optical properties: A comparison between cometary and interplanetary grains

A better understanding of cometary dust optical properties has been derived from extensive observations of comet Halley, complemented by other cometary observations at large phase angles and/or in the infrared. Also, further analysis of IRAS observations and improvements in inversion techniques for zodiacal light have led to some progress in our knowledge of interplanetary dust.

Synthetic curves for phase angle dependence of intensity and polarization are presented, together with typical albedo values. The results obtained for interplanetary dust are quite reminiscent of those found for comets. However, the heterogeneity of the interplanetary dust cloud is demonstrated by the radial dependence of its local polarization and albedo; these parameters are also found to vary with inclination of the dust grains' orbits with respect to the ecliptic. Such results suggest drastic alterations with temperature in the texture of cometary dust, and would favor an important asteroidal component in the zodiacal cloud.     

Scientific ballooning in Japan

Activities in scientific ballooning in Japan during 1998–1999 are reported. The total number of scientific balloons flown in Japan in 1998 and 1999 was sixteen, eight flights in each year. The scientific objectives were observations of high energy cosmic electrons, air samplings at various altitudes, monitoring of atmospheric ozone density, Galactic infrared observations, and test flights of new type balloons. Balloon expeditions were conducted in Antarctica by the National Institute of Polar Research, in Russia, in Canada and in India in collaboration with foreign countries' institutes to investigate cosmic rays, Galactic infrared radiation, and Earth's atmosphere. There were three flights in Antarctica, four flights in Russia, three flights in Canada and two flights in India. Four test balloons were flown for balloon technology, which included pumpkin-type super-pressure balloon and a balloon made with ultra-thin polyethylene film of 3.4 μm thickness.     

中国月球与深空探测有效载荷技术的成就与展望

有效载荷是实现科学目标最直接的工具,其技术手段和水平影响科学目标的可实现程度。简要回顾了中国月球与深空探测的科学目标与有效载荷配置。介绍了"嫦娥1号"和"嫦娥2号"月球环绕探测器中采用的CCD立体相机、干涉式成像光谱仪、激光高度计、微波探测仪、伽马射线谱仪、X射线谱仪、太阳风粒子探测仪、高能粒子探测仪等遥感探测类有效载荷的技术实现、探测结果和取得的成就。同时,也介绍了"嫦娥3号"月球着陆器和巡视器中采用的地形地貌相机、月基光学望远镜、极紫外相机、红外成像光谱仪、粒子激发X射线谱仪、测月雷达等就位和巡视探测类有效载荷的技术实现、探测结果和取得的成就。分析了有效载荷技术的发展趋势,展望了我国未来有效载荷技术的发展。     

Modeling solar proton access to geostationary spacecraft with geomagnetic cutoffs

Solar energetic particle (SEP) cutoffs at geosynchronous orbit are sensitive to moderate geomagnetic activity and undergo daily variations due to the day–night asymmetry of the magnetosphere. At geosynchronous orbit, cutoff rigidity also has a large directional dependence, with the highest cutoff rigidity corresponding to ions arriving from magnetic east and lowest cutoff rigidity corresponding to ions incident from the west. Consequently, during geomagnetically quiet periods, the SEP flux observed by an eastward facing particle detector is significantly lower than observed by a westward facing particle detector. During geomagnetically disturbed periods the cutoff is suppressed allowing SEPs access well inside of geosynchronous, so that the east–west SEP flux ratio approaches unity. Variations in the east–west SEP flux ratio observed by GOES Energetic Particle Sensors (EPS) have recently been reported by Rodriguez et al. (2010). In NOAA’s operational processing of EPS count rates into differential fluxes, the differential flux is treated as isotropic and flat over the energy width of the channel. To compare modeled SEP flux with GOES EPS observations, the anisotropy of the flux over the EPS energy range and field of view must be taken into account. A technique for making direct comparisons between GOES EPS observations and SEP flux modeled using numerically computed geomagnetic cutoffs is presented. Initial results from a comparison between modeled and observed flux during the 6–11 December 2006 SEP event are also presented. The modeled cutoffs reproduce the observed flux variations well but are in general too high.     

Secondary radiation environments in heavy space vehicles and instruments.

Secondary radiations produced by the interactions of primary cosmic rays and trapped protons with spacecraft materials and detectors provides an important, and sometimes dominant, radiation environment for sensitive scientific instruments and biological systems. In this paper the success of a number of calculations in predicting a variety of effects will be examined. The calculation techniques include Monte Carlo transport codes and semi-empirical fragmentation calculations. Observations are based on flights of the Cosmic Radiation Environment and Activation Monitor at a number of inclinations and altitudes on Space Shuttle. The Shuttle experiments included an active cosmic-ray detector as well as metal activation foils and passive detector crystals of sodium iodide which were counted for induced radioactivity soon after return to earth. Results show that cosmic-ray secondaries increase the fluxes of particles of linear energy transfer less than 200 MeV/(gm cm-2), while the activation of the crystals is enhanced by about a factor of three due to secondary neutrons. Detailed spectra of induced radioactivity resulting from spallation products have been obtained. More than a hundred significant radioactive nuclides are included in the calculation and overall close agreement with the observations is obtained.