Recent developments in space-borne zodiacal light photometry

The 1985 International Solar Polar Mission will provide the first opportunity to perform measurements from out of the ecliptic and from above the solar poles. Included in this mission is the Zodiacal Light/Background Starlight Experiment of the Ruhr-University Bochum, FRG (in collaboration with the State University of New York at Albany). The experiment is based on the use of a multicolor, sky-scanning photopolarimeter, which will be carried on the NASA S/C.The scientific objectives of the experiment are to investigate the intensity, polarization, and color of the diffuse sky brightness and determine the spatial distribution and physical properties of the interplanetary dust, including a possible interstellar component, as a function of S/C position in and out of the ecliptic.The instrument will allow simultaneous measurements in two separate wavelength bands. Measurements will be performed at 180, 220, 240, 280, 320, 350, 360, 440, 540, 640, 800 nm, including the state of polarization. Two different fields-of-view (1 sq deg and 5.6 sq deg) can be selected.The use of a microprocessor system in the instrument electronics will provide flexibility in measurement sequences and programs, on-board data processing and data quality control.     

Remote upgrading of a space-borne instrument

The main purposes of experiment “Obstanovka” (“Environment” in Russian) consisting of several instruments are to measure a set of electromagnetic and plasma phenomena characterizing the space weather conditions, and to evaluate how such a big and highly energy consuming body as the International Space Station disturbs the surrounding plasma, and how the station itself is charged due to the operation of so many instruments, solar batteries, life supporting devices, etc. Two identical Langmuir electrostatic probes are included in the experiment “Obstanovka”. In this paper the Langmuir probes for “Obstanovka” experiment are described, including the choice of geometry (spherical or cylindrical), a more reliable method for the sweep voltage generation, an adaptive algorithm for the probe’s operation. Special attention is paid to the possibility for remote upgrading of the instrument from the ground using the standard communication channels.     

Ground validation of space-borne satellite rainfall products in Malaysia

Precipitation studies globally is not only important to hydrological cycling, but also very crucial to satellite and terrestrial communication system designs. This work presents the validation of ground based rainfall measurement with TRMM products and GPCC data. The result shows that an error bias of ±15 % exists between the ground and satellite rainfall measurements. The study also shows that the TRMM 3B43 V6 is in good agreement with the rain gauge rainfall measurement with highest and lowest correlation coefficient of 0.9721 and 0.7791 respectively. Therefore, TRMM 3B43 V6 is recommended for use in lieu of the ground measurement in Malaysia and its environs, most importantly for sea and remote areas where rain gauge cannot cover.     

The PAMELA experiment: A space-borne observatory for heliospheric phenomena

PAMELA is a multi-purpose apparatus composed of a series of scintillator counters arranged at the extremities of a permanent magnet spectrometer to provide charge, time-of-flight and rigidity information. Lepton/hadron identification is performed by a silicon–tungsten calorimeter and a Neutron detector placed at the bottom of the device. An Anticounter system is used offline to reject false triggers coming from the satellite. The device was put into orbit on June 15th 2006 in a pressurized container on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite. The satellite is flying along a high inclination (70°), low Earth orbit (350–600 km), allowing to perform measurements in different points and conditions of the geomagnetosphere. PAMELA main goal is a precise measurement of the antimatter ( 80 MeV–190 GeV, e⁺ 50 MeV–270 GeV) and matter (p 80–700 GeV, e⁻ 50 MeV–400 GeV) component of the galactic cosmic rays. In this paper we focus on the capabilites of observations of heliospheric cosmic rays: trapped and semi-trapped particles in the proton and electron belts, solar particle events, Jovian electrons will be studied in the three years of expected mission.     

Deramp range migration processing for space-borne spotlight synthetic aperture radar

The deramp range migration algorithm (DRMA) for space-borne spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is presented, which is based on the two-step algorithm and range migration algorithm. The presented algorithm combines the advantages of SPECAN algorithm and range migration algorithm. Firstly, the presented algorithm performs a bulk azimuth raw data compression to achieve a pixel spacing no larger than the expected azimuth resolution of the fully focused image. Therefore, the azimuth spectral folding phenomenon is overcome. Secondly, the residual and precise focusing of the synthetic aperture radar data is achieved by applying the range migration algorithm. The space-borne SAR focusing parameters’ computation is also described in the paper. At the end of this paper, results are presented which confirm the validity of the presented algorithm.     

仪器的温度误差

分析计算了精密测量中温度误差的影响,讨论了减少和补偿温度误差的方法,并就仪器温度误差的建模问题进行了探讨。     

The SOUP and CIP instruments

Solar physics is about to undergo a revolution in the amount and quality of undistorted high resolution filter-grams and spectra available for study. Spacelab 2 will obtain UV and visible data comparable to the best obtained on Earth, but free of both blurring and image distortion. The goals of the Spacelab 2 flight are to collect data on the evolution of the solar magnetic and velocity fields on time scales of seconds to days. In the first part of the next decade, the 1.3 meter aperture Solar Optical Telescope will have sufficient spatial resolution to collect data on the scale of the solar density scale height [～ 100 km] which should be sufficient to study the basic physical processes in the solar atmosphere.     

氢激射器频率稳定度的微机实时测试系统

对于一个实用的氢频标来说,其频率稳定度的测试,特别是实时稳定度测试,腔体调谐与线Q值的测试都是必不可少的。以前。我们都是手工来完成这些工作的,既烦琐又不准确,且在实用过程中不能给出实时的频率稳定度值,1986年后,我们用Apple(?)微机作为主体部分建立了频率稳定度实时测试系统,它不仅给出实时的稳定度,且同时进行腔体调谐与线Q测试,既方便又使测试精度大大提高。本文将描述这套测试系统,给出氢钟经改进后由这套系统测得的最新结果。     

A review of instruments and methods for dosimetry in space

Instruments and methods recently used for space radiation dosimetry are reviewed for the purposes of comparison and reference. Passive detection methods mentioned include track-etch, luminescent, nuclear emulsion, and metal foil detectors. These can provide a reliable source of data for all types of radiation, but often require processing that cannot occur in space. Experimental methods of LET determination using TLDs, such as the high temperature peak ratio (HTR) method, are also discussed. Portable readout passive detectors including Pille, MOSFET, and bubble detector systems provide a novel alternative to traditional passive detectors, but research is more limited and their widespread use has yet to be established. Active detectors including DOSTEL, CPDS, RRMD-III, TEPC, R-16, BBND, and the Liulin series are examined for technical details. These instruments allow the determination of dose in real-time, and some can determine LET of incident particles by measuring energy deposition over a known path-length, but size and power consumption limit their practical use for dosimetry. Improved neutron dosimetry and development of a small active or portable readout personnel dosimeter capable of accurate LET determination are important steps for managing the effects of long-term exposure to the space radiation environment.     

Secondary radiation environments in heavy space vehicles and instruments.

Secondary radiations produced by the interactions of primary cosmic rays and trapped protons with spacecraft materials and detectors provides an important, and sometimes dominant, radiation environment for sensitive scientific instruments and biological systems. In this paper the success of a number of calculations in predicting a variety of effects will be examined. The calculation techniques include Monte Carlo transport codes and semi-empirical fragmentation calculations. Observations are based on flights of the Cosmic Radiation Environment and Activation Monitor at a number of inclinations and altitudes on Space Shuttle. The Shuttle experiments included an active cosmic-ray detector as well as metal activation foils and passive detector crystals of sodium iodide which were counted for induced radioactivity soon after return to earth. Results show that cosmic-ray secondaries increase the fluxes of particles of linear energy transfer less than 200 MeV/(gm cm-2), while the activation of the crystals is enhanced by about a factor of three due to secondary neutrons. Detailed spectra of induced radioactivity resulting from spallation products have been obtained. More than a hundred significant radioactive nuclides are included in the calculation and overall close agreement with the observations is obtained.     

增量式光电轴角编码器微机数显系统

采用增量式光电轴角编码器为位移测量传感器,采用微机处理输出信号,从而使系统智能化,且具有误差补偿功能。通过光电转换,将位移量转换成电脉冲信号。提出了高低速计数方法。获得了高精度绝对零位。为减少振动对系统的干扰,设计了抗振电路。     

精密测试及仪器的误差修正技术

全面论述了误差修正技术的形成与发展现状，并对它的组成内容进行了分析，指出了目前存在的问题及未来发展趋向。     

通用仪器CAT可视软件开发平台

通用仪器CAT可视软件开发平台(以下简称"CAT"平台),是在深入研究各个校准实验室日常计量检测工作普遍规律的基础上,设计出的一套辅助实验室软件开发与应用的通用工具,可以完成检测软件开发与应用、证书编辑与生成、实验室信息管理等工作,全面提高校准实验室检定测试的技术与管理水平.     

相检宽带测频仪器的扩展使用

基于“相位重合点”检测方法的相检宽带测频等新技术已经越来越多地应用于各种晶体振荡器的调试、高准确度测频和频标比对中，一般情况下，以这些技术设计的仪器会获得比同类型普通仪器高一千多倍的测量准确度，而在使用得当时还会获得更高的准确度并且会有更广泛的用途，在对这类仪器的原理作更深入分析的基础上，探讨了对它们的各种扩展使用方法，对于有关新技术的推广应用具有很大的实用价值。     

基于C8051F061的微机补偿晶体振荡器

设计了一种基于C8051F061芯片的新型微机补偿晶体振荡器(简称MCXO).由于C8051F061单片机丰富的硬件资源、同时充分发挥了软件的作用使得本设计具有结构简单、体积小、功耗低、开机预热时间短等优点,主要技术指标为:频率温度稳定度为±5×10-8(-40℃～+85℃),体积为(35×23×10)mm3,平均功耗不大于60mW.     

单片机控制的经济型圆度仪的研制

本文介绍首次研制出的经济型圆度仪。该圆度仪采用V-F转换器作为12他A/D转换器,8031单片机为微处理机,可对车间常用的圆度误差值在1μm以上的工件进行精确测量,并可显示,打印圆度认差值。该圆度仪具有成本低廉、体积小、精度适宜、可在车间生产条件下使用等优点,具有一定的实用价值。文中给出了几个实测例。     

Progress in ultrasonic bioreactors for CELSS applications.

An important issue in Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) is the recycling of inedible crop residues to recover inorganic plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, potassium and other macro- and micro-nutrients. In a closed system in space, such regeneration is vital to the long term viability of plant growth necessary for the food production and waste handling process. Chemical approaches to recycling such as incineration and wet oxidation are not compatible with low energy and environmentally friendly regeneration of such nutrients. Biological regeneration is more acceptable environmentally, but it is a very slow process and does not typically result in complete recovery of inorganic and organic nutrients. A new approach to biological regeneration is described here involving the combined use of special enzymatic catalysts and ultrasonic energy in a bioreactor system. This new system has the potential for rapid, efficient, environmentally friendly and complete conversion of crop wastes to inorganic plant nutrients and food recovery from cellulose materials. A series of experimental tests were carried out with a soybean crop residue meal substrate. Biochemical conversion rates were significantly expedited with the addition of enzymes and further enhanced through ultrasonic stimulation of these enzymes. The difference in conversion rates was particularly increased after the initial period of soluble organics conversion. The remaining cellulose substrate is much more difficult to biodegrade, and the ultrasonically-enhanced reaction was able to demonstrate a much higher rate of substrate conversion.     

平面直线平行度误差的解析评定法与微机数据处理

本文建立了平面直线平行度误差的三种不同评定方法的数学模型。依据该数学模型,利用微型电子计算机处理数据,具有速度快、精度高的特点。     

Wave perturbations in the MLT at high northern latitudes in winter,observed by two SATI instruments

To investigate the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region, several ground-based instruments called SATI (Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager) were designed and built to measure airglow emission and temperature in the upper mesosphere. One SATI instrument was installed at Resolute Bay (74.7°N, 94.9°W) and has monitored the polar MLT region since November, 2001. In October 2007 another SATI instrument was installed at Eureka (80.0°N, 86.3°W) at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) as part of the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) project. SATI is a spatial scanning Fabry–Perot spectrometer measuring column emission rates for several rotational lines of OH and O₂ airglow at 87 and 94 km height. The rotational temperatures are inferred from the ratios of these lines. The measurements are divided into 12 sectors with an annular field of view. The phase differences between the sectors yield information on the horizontal atmospheric wave direction and wavelength. Horizontal perturbations of 2–8 h period have correlatively been observed and investigated at both locations. Short-periodic oscillations identified as gravity waves with periods between 2 and 8 h propagate in southward and eastward directions, but in opposite directions in some cases. The wave propagation characteristics are often different at the two locations; the relationship with the lower mean wind is considered.