Classification of multitemporal Sentinel-2 data for field-level monitoring of rice cropping practices in Taiwan

Cadastral information of rice fields is important for monitoring cropping practices in Taiwan due to official initiatives. Remote sensing based rice monitoring has been a challenge for years because the size of rice fields is small, and crop mapping requires information of crop phenology, relating to spatiotemporal resolution of satellite data. This study aims to develop an approach for mapping rice-growing areas at field level using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data in Taiwan. The data were processed for 2018, following four main steps: (1) construct time-series Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), (2) noise filtering of the time-series data using wavelet transform, (3) rice crop classification using information of crop phenology, and (4) parcel-based accuracy assessment of the mapping results. The parcel-to-parcel comparisons between mapping results and ground reference data indicated satisfactory results. These findings were confirmed by close agreement between satellite-derived rice area and government’s statistics. Although some factors, including mixed-pixel issues and cloud-cover effects, lowered the mapping accuracies of townships along the coastline, this study has demonstrated the efficacy of using multitemporal Sentinel-2 data to create a reliable database of rice-growing areas over a large and heterogeneous region. Such a quantitative information was important for updating rice crop maps and monitoring cropping practices.     

Selected examples of profitable applications of remote sensing for resources inventories and monitoring

The Remote Sensing Centre of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Warsaw has been operating since 1976. It has multi-disciplinary character; carries out scientific research, elaborates technologies of remote sensing investigations, applies remote sensing methods for solving various practical problems, coordinates national activities in this field, developes and disseminates remote sensing knowledge at both national and international levels offering various types of specialized training.The authors discuss the role of remote sensing investigations in the process of development planning. Examples of projects executed at the Remote Sensing Centre and concerning topographic and land use mapping, geological investigations, agricultural crop area determination, forest research, environmental monitoring and studies of climatic conditions in urban environment are described and extensively discussed in the paper. The authors emphasize these areas of the application of remote sensing and these interpretation techniques which are of potential interest for the developing countries.     

Synthetic aperture radar capabilities for snow and glacier monitoring

The potential of SAR systems for monitoring the seasonal snow cover and glaciers has been investigated based on an airborne experiment in the Austrian Alps and on Seasat SAR and Shuttle Imaging Radar-A data. X- and C-band SAR are useful sensors for mapping wet snow packs, while in L-band snow-covered and snow-free surfaces often cannot be separated. SAR data in all three frequency bands provide valuable glaciological information.     

基于BP算法的液压泵在线状态监测及故障诊断

以液压泵振动信号的５个时域信息；峰值，峰峰值，均方根值，方差和波形系数作为最小诊断参数组合，用ＢＰ神经网络进行信息融合，提出一液压泵的神经网络在线状态监测及故障诊断系统。     

A holistic approach to the monitoring of land cover changes in Sri Lanka using intermediate remote sensing techniques

Heavy social and economic pressure on the available land resources in Sri Lanka are causing major land-cover changes. They need to be assessed to serve as input data for decision-making processes e.g. in agricultural or ecological planning.The Sri Lanka/Swiss Satellite Imagery Interpretation Project has developed a holistic approach to the mapping and monitoring of the land-use and the land-cover changes. The method applies intermediate level technology and is based on a benchmark/masking technique using satellite images, aerial photography and field surveys.The regular monitoring of changes of land-use types as a whole, e.g. forests, is part of the approach as well as the periodic assessment of changes within a specific land category, e.g. the seasonally cultivated riceland.The activities have to be transferred from the level of scientific research to the actual application within a reasonable time frame using the local resources. Discussed are also some of the problems inherent in the implementation of remote sensing activities in a so-called Third World country.     

A technique for mapping environmental change using digital Landsat data

This paper describes a procedure for detecting and mapping changes in vegetation cover using LANDSAT digital analysis techniques, and demonstrates how the procedure can be used as an aid to environmental monitoring. Digital image analysis is used to perform a historical comparison, and a computerized colour plotter is used to map the changes in vegetation.     

Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

A prospectus on airborne laser mapping systems

Airborne laser systems have demonstrated enormous potential for topographic and bathymetric mapping. Both profiling and scanning systems have been evaluated for terrain elevation mapping, stream valley cross-section determination, and nearshore bottom profiling. Performance of the laser systems has been impressive and for some applications matches current operational accuracy requirements. Determining the position of individual laser measurements remains a constraint for most applications. Laser technology constrains some terrain and bathymetric applications, particularly for water penetration and frequency of measurements for high-spatial resolution over large areas.     

The NOAA satellites: A largely neglected tool in the land sciences

The NOAA satellite system comprises the polar-orbiting satellites which provide image data twice a day, and the geostationary satellites, which provide image data every 30 minutes. Data is provided in the visible, near infrared, and middle and far thermal infrared at 1 km resolution from the polar-orbiting satellites and in the visible at 1-km resolution and in the far thermal infrared at 8 km resolution from the geostationary satellites. Applications described include monitoring tectonic lineaments in Alaska, monitoring the Greenland Ice Sheet, mapping geomorphology in the Dakotas and monitoring volcano eruptions. Applications of the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission described include discriminating rock types and indications of mineral deposits. Current research into Land Sciences Applications are discussed and recommendations made for further areas of research.     

Degradation monitoring in Silvo-pastoral systems: A case study of the Mediterranean region of Turkey

To identify policies that will promote positive effects and mitigate negative ones of grazing is a major challenge in the Silvo-pastoral system. This paper presents the role of examining land-cover change trajectories by remote sensing imagery in grazing policy monitoring. The study was conducted for Duzlercami forest ecosystem located in the Mediterranean geographical region of Turkey and administrated by the General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Time series land-cover datasets from Landsat images between 1988 and 2016 were collected and classified. To link the conversions among trajectories and grazing policy, class level landscape metrics derived from the classified images were used. To validate the approach, yearly grazing-plans managed by GDF and populations of livestock were used. Results of this research have indicated that even though there is a yearly grazing plan, overgrazing can happen on the pilot site, and it can be easily identified by the destruction of woody vegetation. The notable correlation (r²?=?0.89) between degraded woody vegetation and cattle population has occurred in the last 30?years in the landscape, and Landsat imagery can effectively support the grazing policy mapping and monitoring.     

Identifying areas of high economic-potential copper mineralization using ASTER data in the Urumieh–Dokhtar Volcanic Belt,Iran

This study investigates the application of spectral image processing methods to ASTER data for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization and related host rock. The study area is located in the southeastern segment of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Volcanic Belt of Iran. This area has been selected because it is a potential zone for exploration of new porphyry copper deposits. Spectral transform approaches, namely principal component analysis, band ratio and minimum noise fraction were used for mapping hydrothermally altered rocks and lithological units at regional scale. Spectral mapping methods, including spectral angle mapper, linear spectral unmixing, matched filtering and mixture tuned matched filtering were applied to differentiate hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization such as phyllic, argillic and propylitic mineral assemblages.     

Canadian Landsat studies for monitoring agricultural intensification and urbanization: A summary

This report summarizes a major paper reviewing the progression of work using Landsat for land use and agricultural monitoring in Canada since 1973. From the launch of Landsat to the present, the focus has moved from using simple visual techniques for interpretation of photographic products to the use of conceptually simple methods which now employ the power of special-purpose image analysis hardware and the standard geometrically corrected products available in Canada. Outlined in the major paper are studies on urban growth, large area land use mapping, crop studies (related to both crop area estimates and erosion potential), assessment of changes in vegetation vigour and clearing of land in areas which were devoted to both dry land farming and forestry. This report emphasizes developments in land use studies.     

计算机虚拟北航的建造与人机交互的实现

提出了虚拟北航校园场景数据库的层次结构,给出了基于碰撞检测的模型控制面场景调度控制方法,实现了冗余建模数据删减、纹理映射、多级层次细节模型三种场景复杂度消减策略,着重讨论了基于标准二维输入设备的实体选择算法并实现了对受限运动实体的操纵,最后简要介绍了一个通用的、与模型无关的漫游引擎框架结构的实现.     

The contribution of radar interferometry to the assessment of landslide hazards

Interferometric analysis of repeat pass radar images (InSAR) enables the mapping of slope movements with high accuracy, being of great relevance for the assessment of landslide risk. The InSAR method is briefly explained, with emphasis on data processing for landslide motion mapping. Constraints of the method are discussed, mainly resulting from temporal decorrelation of the radar signal in vegetated areas. Application examples for InSAR mapping of very slow slope movements, using SAR data of the European Earth Observation Satellite ERS, are shown for a mass waste above an alpine traffic route and for slope deformation in a mountain village. The comparison with GPS measurements of surface motion shows RMSE = 3.7 mm a⁻¹ between the InSAR and GPS retrieved motion, where part of this difference is attributed to the different observation periods. The investigations demonstrate the good capability of InSAR for detecting and monitoring surface deformation on mountain slopes, thus providing valuable support for landslide inventories and risk assessment.     

飞机电源系统故障诊断专家系统

应用人工智能理论,开发了飞机电源系统监控装置.利用专家系统理论对某型飞机电源系统进行了全面的分析,建立了完整的电源系统知识库,实现了实时状态监测和故障诊断,并能给出异常或故障信息,为整个飞机非航电系统采用专家系统进行故障诊断提供了经验,具有实际应用价值.      

Status and progress in on-line spectrometric monitoring and control of plant nutrient solutions.

Biotronics has been involved, under NASA sponsorship, in a wide ranging research and development program for instrumentation used in the monitoring and control of controlled environment agriculture. This program has embraced both chemical monitoring of plant nutrient solutions as well as microbiological monitoring of bacteria and fungi in these same solutions. This paper emphasizes the microbiological monitoring aspects of this program. In contrast to traditional methods of microbiological analysis based on culturing, staining and microscopic observation, the development described here is based on spectroscopic measurements, more specifically spectral fluorometry. The rationale, objectives, analytical methods and new instrumentation employed in the development of an on-line microbiological analyzer (MBA) are presented in some detail. Finally, the signal processing/pattern recognition methods used to evaluate the spectral data and produce estimates of microbial populations are described along with experimental test results to conclude the paper.     

First results of the IUGS-UNESCO programme on geological applications of remote sensing (GARS) in Eastern Africa

The first phase of the GARS programme on the Kibaran belt of Eastern Africa is a follow-up of the CODATA project on multisatellite thematic mapping in Tanzania. An interpretation of a Thematic Mapper image has been carried out in terms of vegetation, soils, structure and lithology, for identification of targets that will be controlled on ground. The second phase (1987–1988) will focus on lithologic discrimination on the Kibaran formations in Central Burundi.     

笔式三维建模系统的隐式映射机制

笔式三维建模系统支持用户基于纸笔隐喻自由勾画以表达三维模型,系统根据用户的交互意图完成相应的三维建模.针对笔式三维建模技术的交互特征,提出一种隐式映射机制.通过分析二维笔划以及交互的上下文,动态建立2个相互垂直的、虚拟的投影平面,从而将二维笔划信息平滑转换成三维空间信息.针对极限位置无法正常映射的情况,提出了一种坐标增量置换法来实现三维映射,不仅解决了极限位置的坐标映射,而且支持用户自由勾画更加复杂的三维模型.隐式映射机制将用户从繁琐、复杂的操作中解脱出来,集中精力关注创作灵感的表达.该方法已经在自主开发的笔式三维建模系统的原型系统PenSketch3D中得到验证,并取得了良好效果.      

Comparison of standard TEC models with a Neural Network based TEC model using multistation GPS TEC around the northern crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in the Indian longitude sector during the low and moderate solar activity levels of the 24th solar cycle

The highest Total Electron Content (TEC) values in the world normally occur at Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) region resulting in largest ionospheric range delay values observed for any potential Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS). Reliable forecasting of TEC is crucial for satellite based navigation systems. The day to day variability of the location of the anomaly peak and its intensity is very large. This imposes severe limitations on the applicability of commonly used ionospheric models to the low latitude regions. It is necessary to generate a mathematical ionospheric forecasting and mapping model for TEC based on physical ionospheric influencing parameters. A model, IRPE-TEC, has been developed based on real time low latitude total electron content data using GPS measurements from a number of stations situated around the northern crest of the EIA during 2007 through 2011 to predict the vertical TEC values during the low and moderate solar activity levels of the 24th solar cycle. This model is compared with standard ionospheric models like International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM) to establish its applicability in the equatorial region for accurate predictions.