基于酉变换的正交投影自适应波束形成

正交投影 (OP)自适应波束形成算法性能优良 ,但需要进行复协方差矩阵特征分解 ,运算量大。提出了一种基于酉变换的OP自适应波束形成算法 ,该算法对取样协方差矩阵Toeptitz化后利用酉变换将其转换为实矩阵 ,然后对实矩阵特征分解进行自适应波束形成。波束形成器的实值运算可节省大量计算时间。理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明此方法是有效的。     

A preliminary comparison of two perennially ice-covered lakes in Antarctica: analogs of past Martian lacustrine environments.

Perennially ice-covered lakes in the Antarctic have been suggested as analogs to lakes which may have existed on the surface of Mars 3.5 billion years ago. During the 1991-1992 austral summer, a joint Russian/American research effort was directed at studies of ice-covered lakes in the Bunger Hills Oasis, Antarctica (66 degrees S, 100 degrees E). The primary objective of the expedition was to investigate this ice-free area for features analogous to ancient martian environments that may have been capable of supporting life and to compare the ice-covered lakes of the Bunger Hills with those in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land (77 degrees S, 166 degrees E) as part of the continuing studies of Antarctic-Mars analogs.     

登天有路箭为梯

从1970年至今,我国已先后发射了长征－1～4、6、7、11火箭。截至2016年9月底,我国发射了200多个航天器,目前在轨运行150余个,形成了载人航天、深空探测、导航定位、对地观测、通信广播、空间科学与技术试验等六大领域航天器研制业务,取得了显著的政治、科学、技术、经济、国防等效益。2016年10月8日是中国航天事业创建60周年纪念日,籍此之际,本刊特推出纪念中国航天事业创建60周年专题,在今年第9期和第10期分别介绍我国运载火箭、人造卫星、载人航天、深空探测四大航天科技领域的发展,以飨读者。     

立方体卫星正在促进太空工业模式的转变

自从1999年美国加州工艺技术大学(CalPoly)和斯坦福大学提出了立方体卫星概念以后,逐渐出现了立方体卫星的发展热潮。特别是2013年至今,已进入开发面向市场的决定性阶段。2014年全世界共成功发射了131颗立方体卫星,其中有大约100颗已投入商业运行,到2016年,立方体卫星的发射数量可能会超过240颗。由于立方体卫星体现了低成本、快速研制和应用效果好等优势,该类型的卫星很快就突破教学、技术试验的范围,冲向遥感、科学、通信、深空探测等太空系统主流应用领域。     

俄罗斯航天在变革中自强

为导航卫星系统立法2009年,俄政府在政策和经济上加大了支持力度,推进其在卫星、航天运输等方面的快速发展.2月4日,俄罗斯联邦议会正式公布有关导航活动的格洛纳斯联邦法律.这是俄罗斯关于卫星导航的首个法律,允许用于和平目的与防御目的,实现全俄覆盖,并规定了网络用户的相关权利与责任等.5月,俄罗斯副总理伊万诺夫表示,尽管目前面临经济危机,俄罗斯不会削减格洛纳斯卫星导航项目的投资.     

MELISSA: a potential experiment for a precursor mission to the Moon.

MELISSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) has been conceived as a micro-organism based ecosystem intended as a tool for developing the technology for a future artificial ecosystem for long term space missions, as for example a lunar base. The driving element of MELISSA is the recovering of edible biomass from waste, CO2, and minerals with the use of sun light as energy source. In this publication, we focus our attention on the potential applications of MELISSA for a precursor mission to the Moon. We begin by a short review of the requirements for bioregenerative Life Support. We recall the concept of MELISSA and the theoretical and technical approaches of the study. We present the main results obtained since the beginning of this activity and taking into account the requirements of a mission to the Moon we propose a preliminary experiment based on the C cycle of the MELISSA loop.     

Global approach to simulation: a gateway to long-term human presence in space.

The establishment of an autonomous European manned space capability is an objective set up by the ESA Council Meeting at the ministerial level, in 1985/1987. ESA's Long-Term Programme Office (LTPO), charged of the preparation of the programme for a European Manned Space Infrastructure (EMSI), started during 1988 to build up an intellectual framework in the domain of long-duration manned space missions. EMSI scope was eventually extended to embrace Moon/Mars missions and bases. Several exploratory studies on problems related to human factors in long-duration space missions were initiated by LTPO. The work of an ad-hoc group of experts (SIMIS Group) has been focused during 1989/1990 on the planning for simulation of such missions with a broad mandate, covering the physiological, psychological and operational aspects of long-duration exposure to microgravity and isolation/confinement. Preliminary results of SIMIS activities are reported. The HYDREMSI experiment, carried out in a terrestrial, analogous environment for 72 days during 1989, is described as an example of the envisaged simulations.     

IMU／GPS组合导航中坐标变换问题的研究

在导航定位时,不同的情况下需要的参数不同,而不同坐标系之间的坐标变换一直是导航算法的基石。讨论了地球坐标系内,大地坐标与直角坐标之间进行相互变换的算法和精度,及其对实现高效的组合导航算法的意义。给出了两种坐标变换算法及其推导过程,通过实例数据进行了仿真,并对结果进行了比较和讨论,分析了两种坐标变换方法的特点和应用的可行性。     

Satellite and ground detection of very dense smoke clouds produced on the islands of the Paraná river delta that affected a large region in Central Argentina

Intense fires were produced on the Paraná river delta islands, Argentina, during most part of 2008, by a combination of an exceptionally dry period and the farmers’ use of a fire land-cleaning technique. In April 2008, those fires significantly affected the nearby regions and their inhabitants, from Rosario city to Buenos Aires mega-city. In this work we present satellite as well as ground Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 550 nm data obtained during the propagation of pollution clouds to the central zone of Argentina. The highest value (1.18) was registered at Buenos Aires by atmospheric remote sensing, using the satellite instrument MODIS/Terra on April 18th 2008 at 10:35 local time (= UT − 3 h). On the same day, ground air quality detectors also measured in this city the highest Total Suspended Particle (TSP) value of the month, 2.02 mg/m³. The AOD(550) daily variation at Rosario Astronomical Observatory, which is located near the Paraná riverside, was derived by combining solar ultraviolet erythemal irradiance data (measured with a YES biometre) with model calculations. On April 25th 2008, from 12:00 to 15:30 local time, a rather high and constant AOD(550) value was registered, with a mean value of (0.90 ± 0.21). Cities located on the side of the Rosario–Buenos Aires highway (San Nicolás, Baradero and San Pedro) were also affected, showing a mean AOD(550) between the Rosario and Buenos Aires values. The particulate matter was collected with gridded samplers placed on the Paraná river islands as well as at the Rosario Observatory. They were analysed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and mainly showed a biological origin. Even if normally large particles travel small distances from the source, organic aerosol in the range of 40–100 μm and complex asymmetric structures were registered several kilometres away from the aerosol sources on the islands. Another event of intense UV index attenuation (98.6%) occurred on September 18th 2008, due to very dense smoke clouds that extended over the Rosario area for several hours. The clouds were driven away from the fires by East–northeast and East–southeast winds. The minimum value of this index measured around noon allows to derive a maximum AOD(550)_max = (3.65 ± 0.90) at 12:45 local time. Soot clouds extended over the Paraná river, transporting Burned Biomass Debris (BBD) that deposited on Rosario. In particular, burned leaves and small branches with dimensions of 1–20 cm were collected. The mean (BBD) particles deposited on the ground from 7:00 to 19:00 local time were (0.92 ± 0.20) BBD/(m² h).     

Issues of exploration: human health and wellbeing during a mission to Mars.

Today, the tools are in our hands to enable us to travel away from our home planet and become citizens of the solar system. Even now, we are seriously beginning to develop the robust infrastructure that will make the 21st century the Century of Space Travel. But this bold step must be taken with due concern for the health, safety and wellbeing of future space explorers. Our long experience with space biomedical research convinces us that, if we are to deal effectively with the medical and biomedical issues of exploration, then dramatic and bold steps are also necessary in this field. We can no longer treat the human body as if it were composed of muscles, bones, heart and brain acting independently. Instead, we must lead the effort to develop a fully integrated view of the body, with all parts connected and fully interacting in a realistic way. This paper will present the status of current (2000) plans by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute to initiate research in this area of integrative physiology and medicine. Specifically, three example projects are discussed as potential stepping stones towards the ultimate goal of producing a digital human. These projects relate to developing a functional model of the human musculoskeletal system and the heart.     

两种空间直角坐标系转换参数初值快速计算的方法

在已知不共线3点在两坐标系下坐标的条件下,提出了两种快速计算两坐标系间转换参数概略值的方法。其中一种是先通过三点构造在两坐标系下的一个新点,将两个坐标系平移到该新点,从而消除平移参数。利用此时的三点坐标可以方便地求得两坐标系间的旋转矩阵,由旋转矩阵可进一步求得旋转角和平移参数;另一种方法是先通过已知的三点构造出一个新的坐标系,通过该坐标系可计算出待求的两坐标系及其旋转参数,从而求得待求两坐标系间的旋转参数。最后,通过旋转参数可计算出平移参数的概略值,并试验验证了两种方法的正确性。     

The C23A: first step to a monitoring system of CELSS in flight.

Studies for every level of CELSS: Waste processing, food production, photosynthesis system, and so on ..., imply an automatic system to control, command and quantify gases, water and chemical compounds. Used for many years in plant physiology studies, the C23A system monitors the analysis and quantifies gases (O2, CO2. N2, ...), physical parameters (temperature, humidity, ...) and chemical compounds (NH4+, N03-, ...) on numerous experiments. In the new version, the architecture of the computing system is near of the space requirements. We have chosen a structure with three independent levels: acquisition, monitoring and supervision. Moreover, we use multiplexed analysers: IRGA, mass spectrometer and cheminal analyser. The multiplexing increases the accuracy of the measurements and could facilitate the spatialization. Thus the whole structure anticipates the entire separation between automation in space and control-command on ground.     

The Carrington event: Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event

Recent ice core analyses suggest that the Carrington event of 1859 may have been the largest solar energetic particle event in the past several hundred years. Previous analyses of potential doses to humans and electronics from such an event suggested that a Carrington-like event, with a hard spectrum similar to that of the event of September 1989 could be catastrophic. Subsequent analyses of the ¹⁰Be concentration in the ice core data suggest that the spectral hardness of the Carrington event was softer and similar to the August 1972 event. In this work we review the earlier estimates of doses from a Carrington event, and present updated dose estimates for deep space crews and electronics using the Carrington event proton fluence ⩾30 MeV in combination with an event spectrum similar to that of the August 1972 event. Potential ramifications of these doses for humans and electronics on deep space missions are discussed.     

Operations of a spaceflight experiment to investigate plant tropisms

Plants will be an important component in bioregenerative systems for long-term missions to the Moon and Mars. Since gravity is reduced both on the Moon and Mars, studies that identify the basic mechanisms of plant growth and development in altered gravity are required to ensure successful plant production on these space colonization missions. To address these issues, we have developed a project on the International Space Station (ISS) to study the interaction between gravitropism and phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. These experiments were termed TROPI (for tropisms) and were performed on the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) in 2006. In this paper, we provide an operational summary of TROPI and preliminary results on studies of tropistic curvature of seedlings grown in space. Seed germination in TROPI was lower compared to previous space experiments, and this was likely due to extended storage in hardware for up to 8 months. Video downlinks provided an important quality check on the automated experimental time line that also was monitored with telemetry. Good quality images of seedlings were obtained, but the use of analog video tapes resulted in delays in image processing and analysis procedures. Seedlings that germinated exhibited robust phototropic curvature. Frozen plant samples were returned on three space shuttle missions, and improvements in cold stowage and handing procedures in the second and third missions resulted in quality RNA extracted from the seedlings that was used in subsequent microarray analyses. While the TROPI experiment had technical and logistical difficulties, most of the procedures worked well due to refinement during the project.     

Relationships of a growing magnetic flux region to flares

Some sites for solar flares are known to develop where new magnetic flux emerges and becomes abutted against opposite polarity pre-existing magnetic flux (review by Galzauskas/1/). We have identified and analyzed the evolution of such flare sites at the boundaries of a major new and growing magnetic flux region within a complex of active regions, Hale No. 16918. This analysis was done as a part of a continuing study of the circumstances associated with flares in Hale Region 16918, which was designated as an FBS target during the interval 18 – 23 June 1980. We studied the initiation and development of both major and minor flares in Hα images in relation to the identified potential flare sites at the boundaries of the growing flux region and to the general development of the new flux. This study lead to our recognition of a spectrum of possible relationships of growing flux regions to flares as follows: (1) intimate interaction with adjacent old flux — flare sites centered at new/old flux boundary, (2) forced or “intimidated” interaction in which new flux pushes old field having lower flux density towards a neighboring old polarity inversion line where a flare then takes place, (3) “influential” interaction — magnetic lines of force over an old polarity inversion line, typically containing a filament, reconnect to the new emerging flux; a flare occurs with erupting filament when the magnetic field overlying the filament becomes too weak to prevent its eruption, (4) inconsequential interaction — new flux region is too small or has wrong orientation for creating flare conditions, (5) incidental — flare occurs without any significant relationship to new flux regions.     

“基于分布式可重构航天遥感技术”将促进航天研制理念转型

由中国科学院上海微小卫星工程中心承担的“基于分布式可重构航天遥感技术”（以下简称“分布式可重构技术”）项目获2016年国家重点研发计划支持。该项目紧密围绕国家“十三五”规划纲要和航天事业发展的“十三五”规划的总体部署,针对传统遥感卫星系统研制成本高、周期长、数量少,导致系统时间分辨率低、重访周期长、抗损能力弱的特点,面向应急遥感等迫切任务需求,开展分布式遥感卫星系统设计和应用研究,推动微小卫星技术进步,拓展微小卫星应用领域,实现应急观测等多种遥感应用。     

造一艘飞船去太阳

为了解答有关太阳的最深层谜团,美国航宇局准备冒险进入它炙热的大气。把一个探测器送往比先前最靠近太阳的探测器距离还要小8倍的地方听上去就像是一次自杀式的任务。而在如此近的距离上,它会一头扎入太阳日冕——太阳的     

Observing the earth radiation budget from satellites: Past,present, and a look to the future

Satellite measurements of the radiative exchange between the planet Earth and space have been the objective of many experiments since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950's. The on-going mission of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiments has been and will be to consider flight hardware, data handling and scientific analysis methods in a single design strategy. Research and development on observational data has produced an analysis model of errors associated with ERB measurement systems on polar satellites. Results show that the variability of reflected solar radiation from changing meteorology dominates measurement uncertainties. As an application, model calculations demonstrate that measurement requirements for the verification of climate models may be satisfied with observations from one polar satellite, provided we have information on diurnal variations of the radiation budget from the ERBE mission.     

AToxMss--from a space proven payload to a validated testsystem in ecotoxicology.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule (Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System) is a space qualified aquatic microcosm of 8.6 liters volume of water. Several aquatic species can be reared in parallel. Based on its characteristics (closed system, highly standardized, testruns longer than 4 weeks are possible, organisms of different trophic levels can be investigated) an improved module (C.B.R.U.=Closed Biological Research Unit) is under development for scientific and commercial use in ecotoxicology. In a two year project named AToxMss (Aquatic EcoToxicology in a Multispecies System) this goal can be reached. AToxMss is a R&D project of an industry team and two teams of the University of Bremen, funded by industry (OHB-System AG) and the state of Bremen, Germany. Three project phases are already completed: The parameter determination to indicate potential impact of chemicals on biological systems, the selection of test substances, as well as the manufacturing of 3 functional modules, each verified for use in ecotoxicological research. The next phase starts with a series of test runs calibrating the system by using well known toxic substances and chemicals.