碳基复合材料超高温热化学烧蚀过程的数值模拟

对超高温热化学烧蚀的计算方法进行了研究,对碳基复合材料在不同环境下热化学烧蚀过程进行了数值模拟,对烧蚀产物进行了计算.计算表明,碳基复合材料在烧蚀过程中依次出现氧化、升华过程.10atm下,氧化、升华过程交替温度为330K.压力升高,交替温度也依次升高.氧化产物为CO,而升华产物依次为C3、C1.在3300K以下,烧蚀主反应为2C O2→2CO.在3300K以上,烧蚀主反应为:2C O2→2CO,2C N2→2CN,i(C)→Ci(g)i=1,3.并用哈尔滨工业大学研制的"星形"等离子发生器及国产的等离子体火炬进行了碳基复合材料烧蚀实验.实验光谱检测结果与超高温热化学烧蚀计算的烧蚀产物一致,验证了超高温热化学烧蚀计算的正确性.     

存在烧蚀的高超声速压缩拐角流动数值研究

耦合求解热化学非平衡流控制方程和烧蚀壁面边界条件,进行存在石墨烧蚀的压缩拐角流场数值模拟。流场化学反应采用16组元(N2,O 2,NO,N,O,NO +,N+2,O +,N+,CO,CO 2,C,C2,C3,CN,e-)29个反应的非平衡模型,热力非平衡的双温度模型下,不同反应采用不同控制温度。石墨材料表面反应包括碳的氧化反应、碳催化的O 原子复合反应和碳的升华反应。对15°、18°、24°压缩拐角模型,在自由流 Ma =10~30,总焓值6~55 MJ/kg 范围,分别进行无烧蚀的壁面催化与非催化条件和石墨烧蚀条件下的流场计算,分析各类条件下的流场结构、流动分离特性以及流场热化学参数分布特点,研究壁面条件对流动特性的影响。结果表明：流动分离可能性和分离区范围随着压缩拐角斜面倾角增大而增大,随来流马赫数增大而减小;相对于低壁温条件,无烧蚀的辐射平衡壁温和壁面烧蚀条件下流动分离区增大,斜面上压力、摩阻和热流峰值点也有所后移。     

碳/碳化锆复合材料烧蚀机理和计算方法研究

研究了碳/碳化锆复合材料氧化烧蚀机理,发现它们与传统的硅基和碳基材料烧蚀有很大差别。基体ZrC氧化后在表面形成一种膨松状的多孔固态抗氧化膜,氧化膜能有效阻止材料进一步氧化,使烧蚀量大大降低。研究了烧蚀过程抗氧化膜的形成、演化和流失行为,研究了氧化膜中氧气的扩散机制(包括分子扩散和Knudsen扩散),研究了材料原始层表面可能存在的化学反应,建立了分析碳/碳化锆复合材料烧蚀响应的物理数学模型。     

气相环境下EPDM绝热材料双区体烧蚀模型

针对气相环境下EPDM绝热材料的烧蚀行为建立了双区体烧蚀模型,着重考虑了沉积反应、气流剥蚀和膨胀现象。多孔介质区和固体区分开求解,采用交界面温度耦合的数值处理方法。对气相环境下的烧蚀实验开展了数值计算,分析了影响炭化层孔隙结构、质量烧蚀率的主要因素,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。计算还获得了炭化层内烧蚀气体流速的量级是毫米到厘米,相对压强的量级是103～104Pa以及相对压强的分布情况。     

基于热解过程的EPDM变热物性数值传热

针对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)类绝热材料热载荷作用下的热解炭化过程,基于热解动力学和多孔介质传质传热理论,建立了芳纶/EPDM绝热材料热物性参数随温度和时间变化的变热物性模型,并通过与实验的对比,验证了模型的准确性与可靠性。随后对热载荷作用下的烧蚀热响应开展了数值计算,结果表明:热载荷作用初期,材料表面升温迅速,随着能量不断传递,温度推进速率明显降低,炭化层厚度增长减慢,部分材料仍为原始状态;温度对热解反应速率的影响呈指数级,距表面越近反应速率越快,反之则慢。所提出的变热物性模型对绝热材料的烧蚀研究具有一定的参考价值。      

CO_2激光烧蚀水所形成气蚀空穴机理研究

分析了激光烧蚀液体时形成表面空穴的机理。利用高速相机获得CO2激光烧蚀蒸馏水的流场照片,对空穴的发展过程进行了分析,发现空穴的快速发展期在最初的100μs内,之后在几百μs内保持平衡。用简单模型计算了不同能流密度下,空穴平衡时的形状,并分析了模型的局限性。研究结果对于揭示激光烧蚀水产生推力的机理有重要意义,有利于促进水工质激光推进的发展。     

EPDM的烧蚀模型

作为固体火箭发动机燃烧室壁面绝热层的ＥＰＤＭ是一种炭化型热防护材料,受热时形成炭化层和热解层,在燃气和粒子冲蚀下不断减薄并带走热量,有效地保护燃烧室壁。采用气动热化学烧蚀机理,扩散和化学动力学双控制机制,并计入气流与粒子的侵蚀,建立了ＥＰＤＭ的烧蚀模型;同时将烧蚀与移动边界下的传热相耦合进行烧蚀率预示。根据模型预示的烧蚀率与试验结果吻合很好。     

含碱金属杂质的高超声速烧蚀流场特性数值模拟

针对高超声速飞行器的烧蚀现象,采用Newton迭代的空间推进方法,数值求解化学非平衡的抛物化Navier-Stokes(PNS)方程.以黏胶基碳布-氨酚醛树脂为烧蚀材料,建立了含碱金属杂质的18组分33反应的化学反应模型,计算了小钝锥体的壁面温度,并和现有文献结果进行对比验证.在此基础上,对含碱金属杂质的高超声速烧蚀流场进行了模拟,深入分析了含碱金属杂质的烧蚀反应对流场温度、压力和电子数密度的影响.结果表明:烧蚀反应使得流场温度较非烧蚀情况增加了10%~15%;考虑碱金属杂质Na后,流场电子数密度增大了1~2个数量级.      

基于化学反应器网络模型法的预混气组分对NOx反应路径影响研究

摘 要：为探究预混气组分对不同反应路径下NOx生成影响,针对高压射流反应器,基于CFD流场特征等,构建优化了单PSR、2PSR、3PSR以及PSR+PFR四种化学反应器网络模型。在贫预混燃烧条件下,研究了纯CH4及其混合气燃烧时不同反应路径下NOx的生成情况,得出了燃烧室内不同反应区域每条反应路径NOx的生成量。结果表明,纯CH4燃烧产生的NOx主要来自于热力型、快速型和N2O-中间体型三条反应路径。绝热火焰温度的提高主要促进了热力型和N2O-中间体型NOx的生成。随着CH4或CO中加入H2摩尔分数的增加,NOx排放总量降低,快速型NOx生成速率降低,特别是火焰刷区域的。另外,混合气中CO摩尔分数的增加会导致NOx生成量增多。     

C/SiC复合材料烧蚀机理和通用计算模型研究

研究了C/SiC复合材料氧化烧蚀机理,发现它们与传统的硅基和碳基材料烧蚀有很大差别。C/SiC的烧蚀取决于氧的分压、表面温度和材料晶态结构及成份,可能出现活性氧化和惰性氧化两种破坏机制。研究了氧化膜的形成和破坏条件,以及氧化膜中氧气的扩散机制,建立了适用于C、Si、SiC和C/SiC(C和SiC可有不同混和比)四种材料烧蚀计算的通用物理数学模型。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.