吉林陨石冲击波压缩和幔岩模型

应用冲击波试验技术研究吉林陨石在冲击压缩期间所出现的相转变。试验雨贡纽点采用最小二乘方去拟合伯奇-默纳汉或默纳汉状态方程分析。文中提出了估计吉林陨石高压态的零压参数方法;试验结果得出,在高压吉林陨石中大部分矿物形成高压相矿物聚合体。它的零压密度为4.395g/cm3,可能含有零压密度6.32g/cm3的钙钛矿结构矿物。计算得出,吉林陨石硅酸盐相零压密度是4.10g/cm3。显然,它与地球模式的下地幔矿物聚合体的零压密度(4.15g/cm3)极一致。由此得出,原始下地幔可能是普通球粒陨石;原始地核是铁陨石小行星。这样,陨石和铁镁硅酸盐中的铁化物岐变,随着地球增长源源不断的提供外核的铁来源。      

吉林陨石的熔融实验研究及其在地球化学中的应用

组成地球的初始物质很可能是IAB铁陨石及H群球粒陨石,非均匀吸积形成地球以后,除由岩浆分异作用使幔中金属-硫化物下沉到原始地核外,在还原条件下还有部分Fe是由橄榄石中的FeO还原为Fe0而提供的并加入于地核内.对于大的陨石母体,由于内部加热或其表面受冲击加热而发生熔融和岩浆分异,导致形成某些铁陨石及无球粒陨石或7型岩石类型的球粒岩石.实验产物中的Fe-Ni-S相可作为判别宇宙球粒的标志之一.      

未分群铁陨石及其硅酸盐包体的研究

本文对Guin陨石进行了化学、矿物学和岩石学方面的研究,表明Guin是一块含有45μg/gGa和186μg/g Ge的难于分类的铁陨石,它是具有异常高镍含量(92.5mg/g)的粗八面体陨铁。它还包含有6±3vol.％硅酸盐包体。包体的组成类似于球粒陨石冲击而成的融体玻璃。因此,我们认为Guin是球粒陨石母体冲击熔融而形成的集合体。      

H型球粒陨石TL灵敏度与冲击相和钾含量的研究

测定了坠落在我国武安、枣阳、信阳等地的10个H型球粒陨石的热释光(TL)灵敏度、自然热释光峰温和峰半高宽温度,同时对它们的K含量进行了测定.将测得的H型球粒陨石的TL灵敏度与它们的钾含量和所属冲击相进行比较.结果表明,H型球粒陨石的TL灵敏度与其钾含量和冲击相之间存在着规律性的关系.      

几种主要陨石类型的Hugoniot参数

根据各类陨石的模式化学组成或矿物组成,采用比容叠加法计算了铁陨石,ＥＨ和ＥＬ群顽辉石球粒陨石,Ｈ,Ｌ和ＬＬ群普通球粒陨石这几种主要陨石类型的Ｈｕｇｏｎｉｏｔ参数,计算结果与已表的同灰型陨石的冲击波压缩数据一致。     

庄河、光明山陨石的岩石矿物学研究

庄河陨石和光明山陨石是两个降落于同一地区的Ｈ５型普通球粒陨石．根据两辉石温度计求出这两个陨石的平衡温度＜ ５００℃；根据镍纹石的带宽与组成关系，获得光明山陨石在其母体中的冷却速率约为 １０－１０℃／Ｍａ，而庄河陨石中普遍出现均一的四方镍纹石表明其冷却速率更低．光明山陨石的冲击变质特征以硅酸盐颗粒破碎为主，其冲击相为Ｓ１；庄河陨石中硅酸盐矿物具明显的波状消光，并存在细小的冲击熔融脉，其冲击相划分为Ｓ２．     

南丹铁陨石微量元素的微区分布特征

本文用同步辐射X荧光微区扫描法(SRXRFMS)研究了南丹铁陨石中微量元素的微区分布特征。讨论了南丹铁陨石的分类、起源及演化等基本问题。指出南丹铁陨石似分为IAB群较合理,它可能是由具有球粒陨石组成的母源物质受冲击、经局部熔融而形成。     

球粒陨石中单球粒硅含量测定及其意义

本工作采用14MeV中子活化分析方法,测定了20个单球粒及全岩的硅含量.结果表明:E、H、L、LL群石陨石中单球的硅含量均高于全岩的硅含量;全岩硅含量,按E、H、L、LL的次序,有逐步增高的趋势;非磁性单球硅含量,在普通球粒陨石中,按H、L、LL次序逐步增高.单球中硅含量高于全岩,间接证明凝聚形成球粒稍早于基质.      

亳县陨石中球粒的主量和微量元素的丰度特征及其启示

用仪器中子活化法分析了毫县(LL3-4)陨石中14个球粒的Al,Mg,Mn,Na,V,La,Sm,Au,Sc,Cr,Fe,Co,Ni,Eu,Ir等元素的含量。该陨石的球粒平均成分对Mg和Cl球粒陨石标准化值与其它不平衡普通球粒陨石一致。通过模糊聚类分析和因子分析讨论了元素间的相关关系。这些球粒的原始物质组分至少包括亲铁元素,难熔和中等难熔亲石元素以及中等挥发性元素等,这也与其它不平衡普通球粒陨石大体一致。因此,普通球粒陨石各化学群的差别主要是由基质造成的。      

安徽亳县球粒陨石的铅同位素研究

本文报道了安徽亳县LL4型球粒陨石的全岩、球粒、橄榄石、辉石和陨硫铁的铅同位素比值,以及上述部分样品的铀、钍、铅的含量.由陨石的铅-铅等时线求得的年龄为45.3±0.2亿年,这是安徽陨石母体的形成年龄.而南安徽陨石的内部等时线求得的年龄为44.4±0.2亿年,此年龄暗示着安徽陨石母体在形成后的大约1亿年以前产生过局部或全部的熔融.从安徽陨石的铀-铅一致曲线图解中得到的上交点年龄为45.4±0.2亿年,此与陨石母体形成的铅-铅年龄一致.而下交点的年龄为4亿年,这可能意味着在较近期内安徽陨石又经历了一次热扰动(如热冲击).全岩、球粒和陨硫铁都呈现出过剩的放射性成因铅,这与陨石经受过热事件有关.      

Modeling of the very high velocity impact process with respect to in-situ ionization measurements

This overview deals with very high impact velocities, where complete vaporization of an impacting cosmic dust particle is to be expected upon expansion from the high pressure high temperature state behind the stopping shock (v > 15 km/s). The topics discussed are the mechanics and thermodynamics of compression, adiabatic release, equation of state and nonequilibrium states upon expansion. The case of very high particle porosity (ρ 1 g/cm³) and the case of very small dust masses (m < 10⁻¹⁷ g) are discussed from what one presently knows. The possibility of three body collisions in the expanding gas phase is discussed briefly. The effect of oblique impact is discussed with respect to its relevance to the ionization process. The numbers communicated are up to the highest “experimental” impact velocities (80 km/s, Halley mission). As one goes to lower impact velocities (20 < v < 30 km/s) there is still complete vaporization of the dust particle but ionization out of the bulk of the particle becomes low. Other than thermal processes may become important. Ideas are outlined to understand their physical nature.     

行星际激波对地球磁层的压缩效应分析

2004 年11月9日WIND飞船探测到一个典型的行星际激波. 激波前行星际磁场为持续约50 min的弱南向磁场, 越过激波面, 磁场发生北向偏转且太阳风动压脉冲增强. 在此强动压脉冲增强结构作用下, 磁层被压缩至一个很小的区域. 激波作用于磁层时引起地球同步轨道 各区域高能粒子通量的响应, 但是不同磁地方时的高能粒子通量的响应不同, 表现出双模式扰动, 即在晨昏两侧各能段的电子和质子通量显著增强, 在子夜侧发生类似于亚暴的无色散粒子注入现象. 扰动从向阳面传输到背阳面, 向阳面粒子通量最先增强, 随后背阳面靠近晨昏两侧, 粒子通量开始增强, 最后子夜侧粒子通量表现出无色散高能粒子注入的特点. 另外, 在靠近正午侧, 质子通量先于电子通量发生响应, 在子夜侧电子通量则先于质子通量发生响应. 利用位于向阳面正午两侧的GOES-10 和 GOES-12卫星观测数据发现, 激波作用于磁层时靠近晨侧的磁场变化表现出简单压缩效应, 而靠近昏侧的磁场变化则显然不同, Bx分量减弱, Bz分量几乎减为零, 而By分量则显著增强. 此外, 位于近地磁尾低纬尾瓣区的TC-1卫星观测到激波触发的尾瓣SI现象.      

The Kumtag meteorite strewn field

The Kumtag meteorite strewn field was found in the Kumtag desert, 132 km south of Hami city in the Xinjiang province, China. It is an ellipse of 2.5 × 7.9 km, with a long axis extending along the northeast-southwest direction. The largest individual meteorite of the strewn field weighs about 10 kg; the smallest individual has a mass of only 27 g. In total, more than 100 individuals with a total mass of more than 180 kg were collected. The location and the distribution of the fragments suggest that the Kumtag meteoroid entered the atmosphere in the direction Northeast-Southwest. All meteorites collected in this strewn field are samples from the same unique meteorite shower. The Kumtag meteorite is an H5 ordinary chondrite with a shock stage S2, and a weathering grade W2. The cosmic ray exposure age of Kumtag is 6.7 ± 0.8 Ma, which is rather typical for H chondrites and which indicates that Kumtag was derived from the massive impact event on its parent body ~7 Ma ago. A significant amount of He has been lost during certain unknown processe(s) before the Kumtag meteorite was ejected from its parent body.     

Structure of high-molecular carbonaceous compound in carbonaceous chondrites and formation of IR-spectroscopically similar compounds in the laboratory.

Main components of carbonaceous matter in carbonaceous chondrites are high molecular organic matter. Examinations of the compounds using pyrolysis GC/MS and FT-IR indicated the structural resemblance of major part of the molecule for all of the compounds from different types of carbonaceous chondrites (8 Antarctic and 2 none-Antarctic meteorites). A carbonaceous matter derived from graphite on a shock experiment using a rail gun (1g projectile at 7 km/s) showed similar IR spectrum to those of the meteoritic high-molecular organic matter. C-60 fullerene also gave a similar compound (with minor differences in IR spectra) on a shock experiment under the same conditions. A shock experiment using coronene also examined.     

The role of impact magnetization in the solar system

In order to assess the role of impact magnetization on extra-terrestrial materials, shock magnetization laboratory experiments, and paleomagnetic studies of terrestrial impact sites, are reviewed. Both impact generated and impact modified materials are found to faithfully record the direction of the ambient field at the time of the shock event. Shock demagnetization and the acquisition of thermal remanence by cooling ejecta appear to be the primary impact-related mechanisms affecting the magnetization of lunar samples. The varied magnetization levels of shock metamorphosed meteorites probably reflect the diverse magnetic environments in which they evolved.     

Comparative studies of the graviresponses of Paramecium and Loxodes.

Gravitactic protozoa offer advantages in studying how the gravity stimulus is perceived on the cellular level. By means of a slow rotating centrifuge microscope in space the acceleration thresholds for gravitaxis of Loxodes striatus and Paramecium biaurelia were determined: < or = 0.15 x g for Loxodes and 0.3 x g for Paramecium, indicating different sensitivities of these species. Neutral-buoyant densities of immobilized cells were determined using media of different densities, revealing densities of 1.03 to 1.035 g/cm3 for Loxodes and 1.04 g/cm3 to 1.045 g/cm3 for Paramecium. Behavioral studies revealed that gravitaxis of Loxodes persisted independent of the density of the medium. In contrast, negative gravitaxis of Paramecium was no longer measurable if the density of the medium approached the density of the cell. The results suggest that in the case of Loxodes gravity is perceived by an intracellular receptor and, in the case of Paramecium by its own mass via the pressure on the lower cell membrane.     

Measurements of bidirectional reflectance of ordinary chondrite for muses-C in-situ detection

MUSES-C, a Japanese sample return mission, is targeting a small near Earth asteroid, 1998SF36, which is considered an S-type asteroid and is similar in spectroscopy to LL class ordinary chondrite meteorite ([Binzel et al., 2001]). Although this mission will bring us detailed photometric data, that is, disk-resolved bidirectional reflectance data of the asteroid, there were few bidirectional reflectance data of ordinary chondrite meteorites. For the purpose of comparison with the data obtained by the in-situ observation, we have performed measurements of bidirectional reflectance of ordinary chondrite samples.

Here we summarize the result of our laboratory measurements of the bidirectional reflectance and compare them with the scattering property of 1998SF36. Although the geometric albedo of 1998SF36 is higher than the typical value of S-type asteroids, however, the laboratory data of ordinary chondrite are similar to or brighter than the model disk-resolved reflectance of 1998SF36 derived from disk-integrated ground-based data. We found in our laboratory data that there is a positive correlation between the surface roughness and the strength of the opposition effect. A stronger opposition effect in the reflectance of 1998SF36 than the laboratory data may therefore indicate that the surface of the asteroid has rougher structure than our laboratory samples.