The Effect of Random Steering Vector Errors in the Applebaum Adaptive Array

The effect of random errors in the steering vector of an Applebaum adaptive array is examined. Each component of the steering vector is assumed to have a random error component uncorrelated between elements. The array output signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SINR) is computed as a function of the error variance. It is shown that the array output SINR becomes more sensitive to steering vector errors as more elements are added to the array and as the received desired signal power becomes larger. The variance of the steering vector error that may be tolerated depends on the required desired signal dynamic range. The larger the dynamic range that must be accommodated, the smaller the error variance must be.     

Computational Precision Requirements for Optimal Weights in Adaptive Processing

The required accuracy for computing the estimated optimum weights of an adaptive processor has been analyzed by investigating the effects of errors in computing the inverse matrix. It is shown that the required precision depends upon the matrix. An equation for the general case is derived. Several special cases are considered in detail. It is shown that the case of a single interference source requires the highest precision. The least stressing case is identifi'ed and compared to the worst case. The requirements for a "typical" case are also considered. A comparison of the requirements for the covariance matrix estimation technique and for adaptive weight implementation using gradient descent techniques is given. It is shown that there is a dichotomy in that cases that do not stress one technique tend to stress the other.     

Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Using Adaptive Linear Predictor Weights

A computationally efficient scheme for estimating the digital instantaneous frequencies of narrowband inputs is introduced. The frequency estimates are obtained by searching for minima of the inverse input power spectrum. This spectrum is estimated at each input sample from the weights of an adaptive linear predictor which uses the LMS (least mean square) algorithm to update its weights. The related minima are sought via an iterative search algorithm, referred to as the iterative frequency estimator. This algorithm is computationally more efficient than available methods, and also provides a higher resolution. Simulation results are included; these include tracking of random message sequences in FM signals, and the formant frequency estimation of speech.     

Effect of Sensor Errors on Automatic Gunfire Control

A formal approach is introduced toward mathematically relating errors in processed sensor data to their impact on error in gunfire of ground based, antiaircraft defense systems. An initial budget for sensor errors is formulated in terms of the accuracy requirements imposed upon the gunfire. The analysis is applicable to gun sites that are remotely located from the sensor as well as to colocated gun sites. Here, the radial components of sensor errors (along the sensor track line) are found to affect the target-miss distance of a remote gun by at least an order of magnitude more than their effect on the miss distance of a colocated gun. However, the effects of the traverse components of sensor errors (across the sensor track line) are found comparable in magnitude between remote and colocated guns.     

Effect of Random Synchronization Errors in PN and PSK Systems

The effect of a constant synchronization error on PN systems has been studied by Gill [1]. His results are generalized here for random synchronization errors, and extended to PSK systems using decision directed channel measurements [2]. In both cases, it is shown that the effect of random synchronization errors is to reduce the effective input signal power and to introduce an additional self-noise. The effect is minimized when the synchronization error has zero mean and can easily be evaluated in terms of circuit parameters.     

Effect of Initial Values of Adaptive Arrays

The effect of initial weight values on the transient characteristics is investigated on three kinds of adaptive arrays under different principles, i.e., the directionally constrained minimization of power (DCMP), the least mean square (LMS), and the maximum signal-tonoise ratio (MSN). Analysis and computer simulation demonstrate how the convergence rate is affected by the initial setting. The best choice of the initial value is given.     

Effect of Single-Bit Digitization in Adaptive Array Control Loops

The properties of an adaptive array antenna, including transient response rate and control loop noise, depend on the intensity of the external noise field. The dependence can be reduced by 1-bit digitization of the real and imaginary parts of the signals from which the envelopes in the control loops are formed. This can be done without degrading the performance of the adaptive array.     

The Biasing Effect of Random Bit Errors on Binary Telemetry Data

Random bit errors that occur in PCM data during the various phases of the telemetry-data-processing system will not only add a component of mean square error to the experimental data but will also bias it. This paper derives a formula for the bias and describes some of the characteristics of the bias.     

大地测量误差对导弹精度的影响与修正

将导弹发射点的所有测量误差统一为标准发射坐标系与实际坐标系之间的平移和旋转,建立了这两种坐标系之间的变换关系,通过各坐标系内的制导方程,用小偏差法求出了落点偏差与发射点的坐标偏差,高程偏差,方位角偏差及垂线偏差之间的解析关系式,并按该计算模型,对典型远程导弹进行了计算。结果表明,该修正公式计算精度高,能用于导弹射前修正。     

Refractive Errors in Angle-of-Elevation Measurements

It is shown that the errors associated with radio elevation measurements may be investigated systematically using a variational technique. The error occurring when spaced antennas are used is compared with that for a single directional antenna. Integral expressions are obtained for the refractive errors.     

测量系统误差对过程监控效果影响分析

讨论在过程控制中出现测量系统误差时对监控效果产生的影响。     

Effect of Radar Amplitude and Phase Weighting Errors on Clutter Rejection by Burst Waveforms

This correspondence derives simple expressions for the ambiguity function X and the Q function of uniformly spaced burst waveforms that are subject to independent random errors in the transmitter and receiver pulse phase and amplitude weightings. The expressions are similar to those in [1], but have been put in more simplified form, and are valid for more general sources of error.     

Effects of Navigation Errors in Maneuvering SAR

A maneuvering synthetic aperture radar in squint mode, during a loosely piloted maneuver, is simulated with presence of various navigation system errors. The error sources investigated place emphasis on short-term effects, involving platform servo transients, noise and quantization in accelerometers, interaction of angle pickoff uncertainty with the displacement from platform to radar antenna, and uncertainty in this displacement itself. Simulation results are accompained by interpretive discussion, and followed by suggested areas for further study.     

Leading Edge Estimation Errors

The leading edge estimator (LEE) of a pulse signal is defined as the instant at which a filtered version of the received noisy signal passes a preset threshold. A rigorous analysis for a rectangular pulse model of the signal results in an exact probability density function for the LEE, valid within the time interval of the leading edge of the filtered pulse. Possible occurrence of the threshold crossing outside of this interval is considered to be an anomalous estimate, since it leads to a gross error in comparison with the regular cases. It is found that the density function of the LEE error is asymmetrical and therefore biased, that the probability PA of anomalous estimation increases with the filter bandwidth, thus setting a well definable limit to the latter and that, for prespecified PA, the minimum bias and variance are proportional, respectively, to R-1 and R-2, minima being obtained by allowing for the largest bandwidth compatible with PA. On the other hand, for given bandwidth the variance decreases only as R-1. Here R is the signal-to-noise energy ratio. Results are presented in form of parameterized graphs.     

引入姿态误差的中继跟踪预报

航天器的姿态控制误差是客观存在的,由于中继终端跟踪能力有限,在某些情况下,姿态误差会导致跟踪中断,从而造成测控资源的浪费并影响正常执行任务.针对姿态控制误差影响中继跟踪的问题,通过对简化姿态旋转矩阵求导,推导出姿态误差与中继终端框架角和角速度的转换关系,得到引入姿态误差的中继终端跟踪预报模型.利用该模型对某航天器中继跟踪情况进行仿真计算,表明:考虑姿态误差情况下,中继跟踪弧段比无扰动情况要短一些,跟踪时间减少的时段发生在天线方位轴与航天器到中继星连线的夹角较小的时候.     

人机工程学在减少人为差错中的应用

从人机工程学的角度、人机总体设计、人的生理节律、人的可靠性与压力几个方面说明了在人机相互作用中,维修工作人员出现人为差错的原因以及应该注意的问题。     

胡适红学研究十项失误

胡适先生在红学研究中存在失误,希望后来研究者不要重蹈覆辙。通过对一些红学研究材料的举证分析。提出胡适先生在红学研究中的十项失误,并给予纠正。勿需多言是胡适先生对红学的巨大贡献。