释放SF_6气体改变电离层电子密度的实验研究

电离层受到自然或人工扰动后产生的电子密度变化会影响无线电的传播。实验模拟了人工释放SF_6气体扰动电离层,通过对SF_6气体在电离层中的扩散过程和相应的离子化学反应的分析,并结合实验测量,研究了电离层电子密度随SF_6气体释放量的变化规律。实验结果表明:SF_6气体在电离层高度释放后,电子密度显著减少,且减少量与气体释放量在一定范围内呈负指数关系。研究可为今后提高卫星通信保密性和实施通信干扰等应用提供理论依据。     

现阶段卫星通信的特征、方式和新技术

随着通信技术的日新月异,卫星通信有了很大进步:通信卫星的容量增大了,性能提高了;地面站的数目增多了,并实现了小型化和经济化;通信领域扩大了(从国际通信扩大到地区通信、国内通信和企业间的通信等);高级的卫星通信设备,如日本的“高度信息网络系统”(INS)中的卫星通信设备等,已经开始研制.这些都标志着卫星通信已经进入了前所未有的新时期.本文主要谈谈这个新时期卫星通信的特征、连接方式、新技术和几个国家的国内卫星通信的实例等.     

“动中通”技术现状及发展趋势

一、引言 由于卫星通信具有不受时间、地点、环境等多种因素的限制,开通时间短、传输距离远、通信容量较大、网络部署快、组网方式灵活、便于实现多址联接、通信成本与通信距离无关等诸多优点,可以实现图像、话音和数据的实时双向传输,因此卫星通信已成为应急通信的重要通信手段,也是目前最富生命力的通信方式。     

一种基于天线-移相器-天线单元结构的双宽带线圆极化器

线圆极化转换器在卫星通信天线系统中可发挥重要作用,针对K/Ka频段卫星通信的需求,采用天线-移相器-天线(AFA)结构,通过独立设计双频带内接收和发射天线,提出了一款双频宽带线圆极化器。通过堆叠贴片的方式引入新的谐振点,从而拓展极化器的工作带宽。所设计的极化器单元尺寸为0.4λK×0.37λK×0.27λK,可在K波段将入射x方向线极化波转换为右旋圆极化波,并在Ka波段将入射y方向线极化波转换为左旋圆极化波。实测结果表明:在保证入射角为0°~25°范围内,该极化器响应稳定,在K和Ka波段的工作带宽分别为9.8%(18.3~20.2 GHz)和7.8%(28.5~30.82 GHz)。     

W波段行波管及卫星通信系统应用前景

为了满足卫星系统对通信容量日益增长的需求,W波段已经成为空间通信应用中的前沿。对于高功率放大器,w波段行波管在输出功率和工作带宽方面具有优势,国内的W波段连续波和脉冲行波管在功率和带宽等主要技术指标上已经达到国际先进水平,希望进一步提高器件的实用化程度和可靠性,促进W波段卫星通信系统的研究,为我国下一步高频率宽带卫星通信系统达到国际先进水平提供自主可控的核心电子元器件产品。     

电磁波在电离层中的传输建模分析

电磁波从宇宙空间对地传输过程中,不可避免需要穿过地球电离层,并受到电离层折射、反射、穿透等影响。为研究电离层中电磁波的传播路径,利用IRI2016电离层模型和NRLMSISE-00模型的数据,基于射线追踪算法,综合利用龙格-库塔法,并采用变步长实现了电磁波在电离层多层空间复杂等离子体中的传输计算。同时,还研究了不同频率和纬度的电磁波在电离层的传播途径。研究表明较高频率的电磁波受到电离层的干扰较少,在100MHz时,电磁传播的偏移角度仅为0.795度;电离层的非均匀层状结构决定了电磁波在其中的传输存在多模现象,并受到了光照的影响,在日间和中纬均受电离层的强烈干扰,偏移角度均大于2.2度,较夜间和低、高纬地区的传输偏移更大。     

等离子鞘套热力学波动对电磁波传播的影响

针对等离子鞘套热力学波动造成电磁波传播特性变化的问题,结合湍流理论、等离子理论和电磁波传播理论,得到了热力学参数波动与介电常数间的关系。计算了不同状态下热力学参数波动引起S和Ka波段电磁波透射和反射系数的变化。结果表明,当电子密度增大,S波段反射系数变化减小、透射系数变化增大;当Ka波段在碰撞频率10MHz时,反射系数变化增大、透射系数变化减小,在碰撞频率1GHz和50GHz时透射系数变化反射系数变化先增后减。不同高度下波动的影响也不同,S波段透射和反射系数变化随高度升高先减后增;Ka波段透射系数变化先减后增、反射系数变化先减后增而后再次减小。因此,应根据实际环境状态获得波动的包络范围,进而针对性开展测控通信系统设计。     

类X-37B升力体再入飞行通信特性中断研究

针对再入非平衡等离子流场的数值仿真方法及等离子体鞘套对不同波段电磁波传输特性的预测开展研究。首先,利用某工程钝头体飞行器再入实测通信飞行测量数据,初步校验数值仿真等离子体特性和通信特性方法的正确性;其次,在典型弹道下针对升力体再入飞行器开展等离子体鞘套数值仿真,分别给出S波段、Ka波段与K波段电磁波衰减特性,研究指出结合当前国内中继星体制情况采用高频段电磁波Ka波段或K波段中继通信方式是解决通信黑障的技术途径之一;最后,研究了电磁波数衰减受传播方向角和攻角的影响规律。研究结果可为发展解决我国再入飞行器通信黑障的设计方案提供参考。     

2017宇航发射实现“开门红” 长三乙成功发射通信技术试验卫星二号

<正>2017年1月5日23时18分,长征三号乙运载火箭在西昌卫星发射中心顺利点火,成功将通信技术试验卫星二号送入预定轨道。"金牌火箭"实现了2017年我国宇航发射"开门红"。通信技术试验卫星二号由中国航天科技集团公司八院抓总研制,是我国新一代大容量通信广播试验卫星,主要用于卫星通信、广播电视、数据传输等业务,并开展多频段、宽带高速率数     

美九家公司申请开展Ka波段卫星通信

美九家公司申请开展Ｋａ波段卫星通信九家美国公司最近向美联邦通信委员会提出了建立和经营Ｋａ波段商业通信卫星系统的申请，其中包括美国电话电报、通用电气、洛克希德·马丁、摩托罗拉和休斯公司等大名鼎鼎的高技术巨人。据称这项新的高频通信技术将在２１世纪的信息工...     

The Influence of artificial plasma irregularities on the propagation of VLF waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere

In the framework of the approximation of geometric optics, the peculiarities of VLF-wave propagation in the Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere during the creation of large-scale artificial plasma irregularities by heating facilities such as HAARP and “Sura” in the ionosphere are studied. For calculation of ray trajectories, the profile of the concentration and ion composition of plasma is taken by calculating the SAMI2 ionospheric model, which was modified to take the influence on the ionosphere of the HF emissions of heating facilities into account. As a result of the influence of the heating facilities on the ionosphere, a region could occur with an increased plasma concentration that is stretched out along the geomagnetic field (up to heights on the order of the Earth’s radius) with small dimensions across the field (～1°). The ray trajectories of waves that propagate from heights of about 100 km from different initial points in the region where such a disturbance has been created with different initial inclination angles of the wave normal are studied in this paper. Both lightning discharges and modulated HF heating of the ionosphere could be the sources of such waves. It is shown on the basis of the performed analysis that the presence of such disturbances in density can lead to a substantial changes in wave-propagation trajectories, in particular, to efficient channeling of VLF waves in the disturbance region and an increase in the interval of the initial propagation angles of waves, which can reach the ionosphere in the opposite hemisphere.     

Disturbance in the lower ionosphere that accompanied the reentry of the Chelyabinsk cosmic body

The paper describes quasi-periodic and aperiodic variations in the phase and amplitude of radio waves of LF and VLF ranges, which accompanied the flight and explosion of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid. Quasi-periodic variations in the phase have been explained by the generation of acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere, which modulate the electron density in the ionosphere and the phase of radio waves. Aperiodic variations in the phase and amplitude of radio waves are associated with an increase in the electron density in the lower ionosphere (at altitudes of 65–70 km). This increase was most likely caused by the interactions of subsystems in the Earth–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system or, more correctly, by the precipitation of high-energy electrons from the magnetosphere into the lower ionosphere, which was stimulated by the flight and explosion of a cosmic body. According to the estimates, the density of the flux of electrons with energies of 100 KeV should be on the order of 106 m^–2 s^–1.     

On the amplitude of low-frequency signals in the nighttime ionosphere over thunderstorm discharges

It is shown that the origin of anomalous amplitudes of ULF/ELF signals in the topside ionosphere over thunderstorm discharges could be caused by the existence of regions of highly-ionized plasma in the lower ionosphere. The alternating current of the lightning electromagnetic pulse can generate in the region of highly-ionized plasma formed in the lower ionosphere due to the influence of thunderstorm discharges magneto-hydrodynamic waves propagating into the topside ionosphere. On the basis of the suggested model, the estimates of amplitude and duration of the Alfven mode propagating into the topside ionosphere are obtained, which agree with the measurements in rocket experiments over thunderstorms.     

空间环境对无线电波传播的影响综述

文章研究了空间环境对无线电通信的影响,主要体现在多种因素制约下的等离子体环境对电波传播的影响。首先介绍了几种典型的电离层模型,接着详细讲述了工程实用电离层模型;随后给出了电磁波在等离子体环境中的传播路径和等离子体介质在磁场环境下对电磁波影响的定量分析,并建议将空间等离子体环境（包括星际等离子体环境和电离层等离子体环境等）作为一个整体进行研究,来考虑地磁场对等离子体电磁特性的影响;最后基于目前理论的不足与实际需求的矛盾,探讨未来的研究方向。     

Space-time structure of ion-cyclotron waves in the topside ionosphere as observed onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">ST</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">5</Emphasis> satellites

Results of observations of ion-cyclotron (IC) waves onboard the ST-5 satellites in the topside ionosphere (heights from a few hundred up to thousands of km) are presented. In this project, three identical micro-satellites were located during three months in 2006 in almost identical orbits with distances between them from first thousands to hundreds of km. All ion-cyclotron wave packets detected by two-three probes were observed at crossing one and the same latitude, which manifests their narrow localization in latitude with a characteristic scale from the first tens to 100 km. In no event IC waves were recorded with comparable amplitudes by all three satellites. At the same time, in the case of ST-5 flight near the ground-based induction magnetometer, a long emission in the same frequency range on the ground corresponded to a burst of IC waves in the topside ionosphere. This can indicate to the fact that an IC instability develops not continuously, but in the pulsing regime with a characteristic time of up to ∼10 min. A change in the rotation direction when a satellite crosses the wave structure is a characteristic feature of the polarization structure of registered transverse waves. The detected effects are discussed from the point of view of the existing models of generation and waveguide propagation of IC waves.     

Disturbance of the Electric Field in the Ionosphere by Sea Storms and Typhoons

The results of detecting quasi-stationary electric fields onboard the Kosmos-1809 satellite and observing sea storms and typhoons are analyzed jointly. We have detected an amplification of the electric field in the low-latitude ionosphere that is related to the preparatory stage and development of tropical storms and typhoons. In this case, the electric field strength can reach 20 mV/m, an anomalously high value for the low-latitude and near-equatorial ionosphere. High-accuracy estimates of the electric field strength are made on the basis of a model of its origination as a result of the generation of an extraneous electric current in the disturbed region of the lower atmosphere and the impact of these currents on the global atmosphere–ionosphere system of currents.     

Planetary waves according to simultaneous observations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">GPS</Emphasis> satellites and ground-based magnetic stations

On the basis of measurements made at Japanese magnetic stations and using GPS satellites for the 12 months of 2003, a comparison of simultaneous variations of three components of the magnetic field and total electron content (TEC) was carried out in the range of the planetary waves period. The correlation analysis has shown that almost synchronous variations exist within this range of periods at the ground-based magnetometer stations and in the TEC measurements both during strong magnetic disturbances and in quiet periods. The strong magnetic disturbances could be considered as a possible independent source of ionospheric variations within the planetary waves range, while the accompanying ionospheric storms could be a possible factor changing the conductivity of the lower ionosphere plasma. In quiet periods, the correlation of magnetic variations and disturbances in TEC is caused by the direct impact of atmospheric planetary waves on the lower ionosphere and can be related to variations of ionospheric currents due to the dynamo mechanism.     

Magneto-ionospheric effects of active experiments conducted on February 18, 2004

Results of radiophysical and magnetometric observations of dynamical processes in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field that followed launches of four rockets of different power and made from different launching sites are analyzed. It is found that the rocket launches were accompanied by an intensification of wave activity in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field. The medium reactions from various sources (various rockets) were overlapping, which made their identification more difficult. Both ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances have, most probably, two groups of propagation velocities: about 1.2–1.7 km s⁻¹ and 440–760 m s⁻¹. Slow MHD waves and internal gravity waves corresponded to these velocities.     

Sporadic structures in equatorial ionosphere as revealed from GPS occultation data

A method for monitoring of sporadic formations in the lower ionosphere by use of the amplitude and phase variations of decimeter radio waves in the occultation trans-ionospheric link GPS satellite — LEO CHAMP satellite is described. Typical variations of the amplitude and phase of the occultation signal, caused by layered formations in the lower ionosphere, are considered. Parameters of sporadic structures measured during period of especially strong solar flashes from October 25 till November 9, 2003, are described. Results of statistical analysis of the occurrence frequency of sporadic layers, their altitude distribution, and thickness are presented. The electron density distribution in the lower ionosphere in the equatorial zone is estimated.     

Two-frequency radio occultation measurements with Venera-9 and Venera-10 orbiters

The experiment with two-frequency radio occultation measurements of the Venusian nightside ionosphere using the Venera-9 and 10 orbiters is described. The experiment is the first of a kind in which the radio link to one of the spacecraft is used to probe the ionosphere, while the other is measuring the variations in the integral electron number density along the path of radio ray propagation. The experiment has been designed to achieve the maximum possible accuracies in determining the parameters of the probed ionosphere using the bistatic two-frequency radio occultation method.