氢燃料双模态冲压模型发动机M6的试验研究

笔者研究了一个有突扩台阶的氢燃料高超声速冲压发动机模型的气体动力学特性和推力特性。氢气从位于燃料室突扩台阶后的支板逆来流喷流，测量了氢气燃烧状态下模型发动机壁面的压力分布和推力收益数据。实验结果表明，在氢气的当量油气比为0．35－0．8的范围，在本模型流道构型条件下，氢气自燃，并随当量油气比的增加，燃烧室内压力增加，获得的推力收益增大，最大推力收益达到500N。实验在CARDC的脉冲燃烧风洞中进行，实验马赫数为6，总温1850K，总压5．5MPa。     

高压燃烧试验中气体污染物的测量

在某发动机燃烧室的工作范围内,对排气污染物进行了测量研究,所测污染物包括一氧化碳（CO）,未燃碳氢物（UHC）,氮氧化物（NOx)与冒烟（SN）.测量程序按美国SAE制订的ARP1256A和ARP1179A两文件进行。由于该燃烧室内的高温（1700K）,高压（4．0MPa),对燃气取样和取样系统必须作特殊考虑,设计的取样感砂和取样系统所测得的污染物数据和燃烧效率,与其它类似燃烧室对比,完全符合规律。     

空腔流动特性风洞试验初步研究

通过测量动、静态压力，对两个不同比例的空腔平板模型进行了测压数据相关性试验研究，同时开展了空腔流动模拟技术，即相似准则研究。确定了在跨超声速条件下不同比例空腔模型测压数据的相依关系。结果表明：不同比例模型在Ma≤0．8，Ma≥2．0时，静态压力测量数据具有相关性；0．95≤Ma≤1．2时，静态压力测量数据相关性差．但呈现统一的规律，动态压力频率特性在全部试验Ma下具有相关性。     

整机条件下主燃烧室参数测量研究

针对整机条件下主燃烧室的性能参数测量问题,运用现阶段改装手段和试验设备,提出了1种适合在整机上进行主燃烧室参数测量的方法,得到了主燃烧室进、出口及内外环等位置上的温度、压力等参数数据。结果表明:随着发动机转速的提高,燃烧室出口温度场数值呈减小趋势,压力损失呈增大趋势;内、外环腔的压力、温度逐渐升高,但分别小于进口压力、大于进口温度。该方法未对发动机产生不良影响,测量参数基本准确,能够反映主燃烧室在整机条件下的工作状态,可用于完善主燃烧室部件设计。     

三级轴向旋流燃烧室流场结构研究

为深入了解燃烧室内流场,研究不同来流状态对燃烧室流场结构的影响,基于粒子成像速度仪(PIV)技术,对采用三级轴向旋流器的航空发动机燃烧室进行流场测量,分别在Case 1常温低压(0.49MPa)、Case 2常温中压(0.98MPa)、Case 3常温高压(1.64MPa)、Case 4全状态(高温813K高压2.78MPa)来流条件下进行。研究结果表明,同一燃烧室模型在不同速度、温度和压力来流下有基本相同的流场结构,但在中心回流区尺寸、角落回流区尺寸、主燃孔和掺混孔射流等细节方面仍有明显差异,来流压力较高的流场中心回流区向下游扩展更深入,角落回流区被压缩,主燃孔和掺混孔射流速度增加且进气比例增大。     

基于CFD分析改进三旋流燃烧室头部设计

利用FLUENT,对一多级旋流燃烧室的冷态单相流场进行了数值模拟,基于该流场结果,对该燃烧室头部控制油雾混合的三级涡流器唇口处进行了改进设计。并对两种方案的燃烧室在相同试验条件下进行了贫油熄火油气比、大功率工作时的冒烟指数进行了实验研究。对方案1燃烧室单相冷态流场的结果表明,该燃烧室内部流场和预想的流动组织有较大差别,三级旋流器出口的气流,迅速向径向流去,主燃区的回流区结构不明显,且二级旋流出口和三级旋流出口之间有小回流区。该流场结构解释了方案1燃烧室有很好的贫油熄火性能,但是冒烟指数较高。方案2燃烧室的流场结构,改变了三级旋流出口气流方向,消除了与二级旋流器之间的小回流区。方案2燃烧室在与方案1燃烧室相同试验条件下的实验结果表明,贫油熄火油气比性能下降了7.3%,但发动机大功率时冒烟排放指数改善了29.4%。基于数值分析的燃烧室设计,使燃烧室扩大稳定工作范围的研究取得了进展。     

三组元发动机燃烧稳定性试验

设计了气氢／液氧／煤油三组元双工况模型发动机，对不同燃烧室压力、燃料比例，喷注器的结构，燃烧室长度，混合比条件下的高频燃烧稳定性进行了试验，试验中观察到低频和高频自激燃烧不稳定，有限的试验表明，较大的缩进比和较小的旋流数有利于燃烧稳定，提高燃料中氢气的比例＞10％时，有利于燃烧稳定；但氢气对烃氧燃烧稳定性的提高不是绝对的，氢气在燃料中的比例达39％时，燃烧室内仍存在压力为0．13MPa的压力脉动。     

文氏管在煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机中的应用

为了提高试验效率，将文氏管流量控制技术应用到液体煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机地面直连式试验中，在一次试车中完成了多个燃料当量比的试验。在模型发动机2．5s工作时间内，利用流量调节系统实现了煤油流量阶梯变化，对应当量比分别为1．01，0．88和0．71，随着燃料流量减小，超燃冲压模型发动机维持稳定燃烧，发动机推力减小，燃烧室压力降低，隔离段内预燃激波串位置后移。试验结果说明文氏管流量控制系统工作稳定，调节过程清晰，达到预定试验目的，并且该技术可作为一个有效的手段应用到变当量比超燃冲压发动机燃烧过程动态特性研究中。     

芳香烃对涡轴发动机排气冒烟影响的试验

为掌握涡轴发动机排气中的冒烟数及芳香烃体积分数对冒烟数的影响,设计了某涡轴发动机冒烟数测量试验方案,通过在RP-3航空煤油中添加甲苯(C6H5CH3)获得不同芳香烃体积分数,开展发动机排气冒烟试验;并根据实测冒烟数(SN)拟合得到了与计算冒烟质量浓度指数(CI)的关系式。试验结果表明:某型涡轴发动机采用基准燃油时各状态冒烟数均小于40,优于设计指标;最大起飞状态下芳香烃体积分数每增加3%可导致冒烟数升高6%。该试验为涡轴发动机排气冒烟数测量和预估提供了一种有效方法,并为通过减少燃油中芳香烃体积分数来抑制发动机冒烟数提供了依据。      

爆震波点火器管路传播过程数值模拟

为了进一步研究液体火箭发动机爆震波点火器的工作过程，结合实际试验发动机用爆震波点火器的工作条件，在混合比为3，初始氢氧混气压力为0．1MPa情况下，采用常用的两步显式MacCormak差分格式和有限速率化学反应动力模型，对爆震波点火器管路中爆震波的传播过程进行了数值模拟，研究了爆震波形成后在一维管路中传播特性及性能参数。从数值模拟结果来看，稳定传播的爆震波温度可达3500K，压力达到2MPa，其传播速度可达3430m／s，从爆震波形成到其传播到2m距离的出口，用时不到0．6ms。并与试验结果进行了对比分析，数值模拟结果和试验结果符合很好，为爆震波点火器的工程设计提供了理论依据。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.