共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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In this paper some basic concepts involved in efficient orbit/spectrum utilization for broadcast satellites are discussed. A theoretical analysis leads to the determination of interference zones and minimum number of frequency channels required for homogeneous systems operating in the 800-MHz and 12-GHz bands. A crossed-beam arrangement of satellite systems is proposed, in which the beams from satellites to service areas cross each other. This arrangement has a more efficient orbit spectrum utilization compared to the identical-longitude approach, in which the subsatellite point has the same longitude as the center of the service area, Based upon practical considerations, the elemental number of frequency channels required for world-wide coverage has been calculated in relation to satellite orbital position, for single-beam and multibeam satellite systems, using the identical-longitude and crossed -beam arrangements. 相似文献
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《Aerospace Science and Technology》2000,4(7):507-515
Three collocation strategies are planned and analyzed for the cluster of two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites and one inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO) satellite in the same longitude control band of 116°E±0.05° . The longitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites and one inclined GSO satellite with seven-day East/West station-keeping maneuver cycle. The latitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites with fourteen-day North/South station-keeping maneuver cycle. One inclined GSO satellite is allowed for natural inclination drift. The coordinated eccentricity vector and inclination vector separation method is applied for the collocation, and the maneuver schedule is planned to minimize the operational load by avoiding simultaneous maneuvers. A total of six months of station-keeping maneuver simulations are performed for the three different strategies. 相似文献
4.
The question of how multiple-pass data from the Navy Satellite System can be processed to yield an optimal estimate of the latitude, longitude, and elevation of a point on the Earth's surface is considered. It is demonstrated that the problem can be treated by use of modern estimation techniques. Two methods are considered: Kalman estimation and weighted least-squares estimation. The variance of the estimation errors is compared for a simulated sequence of 50 satellite passes. 相似文献
5.
某地球同步三轴卫星因故障导致推力器工作效率不稳定,使得采用原有方案进行向西轨道控制时姿态变化大,控制准确度降低.针对上述问题,通过分析卫星用于姿态控制的偏置动量轮的控制规律,利用星体角动量守恒条件,建立了偏置动量轮转速变化与轨道半长轴变化之间的相关性数学模型,提出了一种改进的基于偏置动量轮转速标定的轨道控制方法,同时结合姿态的稳定变化制定了轨道控制实施方案,并将其应用于实际卫星轨道控制中,取得了良好的控制效果.改进的控制方法提高了轨道控制的准确率,使得半长轴误差幅度由最大60%提高到0.2%左右,增加了姿态的稳定性,使得俯仰姿态变化幅度由最大0.7°减小到0.2°左右,降低了控制风险,减轻了地面控制人员的负担. 相似文献
6.
W. L. Imhof 《Space Science Reviews》1981,29(2):201-217
Worldwide maps of electron precipitation into the atmosphere can be obtained remotely with a unique separation of spatial and temporal variations by sensing from a satellite the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced in the atmosphere by the incident electrons. From X-ray measurements electron fluxes and energy spectra can be derived over a broad range of energies under both daytime and nighttime conditions. The technique was first demonstrated in 1972 and has now been used sucessfully in several programs. The most continuous and widespread coverage can clearly be achieved from high altitudes, but even at only a few hundred kilometers it has been possible to obtain mappings over a wide area since bremsstrahlung X-ray fluxes are often rather steady in time during the few minute duration of a low altitude satellite pass over the polar region. The satellite bremsstrahlung data already acquired have provided information on the long term morphology of the total fluxes and energy spectra of bremsstrahlung X-rays emitted from a large area and have shown that pronounced longitude structure commonly occurs in the X-ray emissions. The data have tended to be complementary in nature to that obtained by the more well established technique of measuring bremsstrahlung X-rays from balloons, whereby time variations can be studied in detail with more limited geographic coverage. From balloons it is known that the X-rays show a variety of time variations, but many of the faster microburst type phenomena have yet to be observed from satellites. The present status of satellite bremsstrahlung X-ray measurements is reviewed here, some of the key results summarized and suggestions made for future improvements in instrumentation. The review is limited to X-rays > 20 ke V and therefore to the associated precipitation of only the more energetic electrons. 相似文献
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Mcpherron R.L. Coleman P.J. Snare R.C. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1975,(6):1110-1117
A summary of the design of the University of California at Los Angeles' fluxgate magnetometer is presented. Instrument noise in the bandwidth 0.001 to 1.0 Hz is of order 85 my. The DC field of the spacecraft transverse to the Earth-pointing axis is Sx = 1.0 ±2.1?, SY = -2.4 ± 1.3?. The spacecraft field parallel to this axis is less than 5?. The small spacecraft field has made possible studies of the macroscopic field not previously possible at synchronous orbit. At the 96° west longitude of Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), the Earth's field is typically inclined 300 to the dipole axis at local noon. Most perturbations of the field are due to substorms. These consist of a rotation in the meridian to a more radial field followed by a subsequent rotation back. The rotation back is normally accompanied by transient variations in the azimuthal field. The exact timing of these perturbations is a function of satellite location and the details of substorm development. 相似文献
9.
Avila P.G. Karels S.N. Macdonald T.J. Matchett G.A. Roberts I.P. Gloster V. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》1990,5(1):10-18
The Global Positioning System (GPS) Mission Planner (GMP) program, which has been implemented on an IBM PC, is described in terms of its features and architecture, and sample outputs are presented. The GMP was written to permit operational units to plan missions and to accomplish survivability and navigation assessments based on realistic trajectories, GPS almanac data, broadband jammer specifications, and digital terrain elevation data (DTED). GMP supports trajectory generation for generic air, land, or naval vehicles and has `sanity' checks for altitude acceleration, terrain slope, and velocity limits. A survivability measure is computed based on exposure time to various threat types. Yuma-type almanac data are used to support the GMP to define GPS satellite orbits. Jammers, threats, and trajectory wavepoints may be defined by either keyboard entry (e.g. longitude, latitude, and altitude) or via mouse and cursor on a displayed pseudo-color DTED map on the PC monitor. Satellite visibility and best dilution-of-precision (DOP) are computed using DTED. jammer visibility and power levels at the vehicle are similarly computed. A realistic body masking and antenna gain model is used to compute carrier-to-noise densities for each visible satellite. A navigation assessment program emulates a multichannel receiver to generate position and velocity measurement uncertainties. An integrated Kalman filter generates position and velocity navigation estimates. Results are graphically displayed to the operator 相似文献
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Joseph W. Siry 《Space Science Reviews》1973,14(2):314-341
The forthcoming 10 cm range tracking accuracy capability holds much promise in connection with a number of Earth and ocean
dynamics investigations. These include a set of earthquake-related studies of fault motions and the Earth's tidal, polar and
rotational motions, as well as studies of the gravity field and the sea surface topography which should furnish basic information
about mass and heat flow in the oceans.
The state of the orbit analysis art is presently at about the 10 m level, or about two orders of magnitude away from the 10
cm range accuracy capability expected in the next couple of years or so. The realization of a 10 cm orbit analysis capability
awaits the solution of four kinds of problems, namely, those involving orbit determination and the lack of sufficient knowledge
of tracking system biases, the gravity field, and tracking station locations.
The Geopause satellite system concept offers promising approaches in connection with all of these areas. A typical Geopause
satellite orbit has a 14 hour period, a mean height of about 4.6 Earth radii, and is nearly circular, polar, and normal to
the ecliptic. At this height only a relatively few gravity terms have uncertainties corresponding to orbital perturbations
above the decimeter level. The orbit s, in this sense, at the geopotential boundary, i.e., the geopause. The few remaining
environmental quantities which may be significant can be determined by means of orbit analyses and accelerometers. The Geopause
satellite system also provides the tracking geometery and coverage needed for determining the orbit, the tracking system biases
and the station locations. Studies indicate that the Geopause satellite, tracked with a 2 cm ranging system from nine NASA
affiliated sites, can yield decimeter station location accuracies. Five or more fundamental stations well distributed in longitude
can view Geopause over the North Pole. This means not only that redundant data are available for determining tracking system
biases, but also that both components of the polar motion can be observed frequently. When tracking Geopause, the NASA sites
become a two-hemisphere configuration which is ideal for a number of Earth physics applications such as the observation of
the polar motion with a time resolution of a fraction of a day.
Geopause also provides the basic capability for satellite-to-satellite tracking of drag-free satellites for mapping the gravity
field and altimeter satellites for surveying the sea surface topography. Geopause tracking a coplanar, drag-free satellite
for two months to 0.03 mm per second accuracy can yield the geoid over the entire Earth to decimeter accuracy with 2.5° spatial
resolution. Two Geopause satellites tracking a coplanar altimeter satellite can then yield ocean surface heights above the
geoid with 7° spatial resolution every two weeks. These data will furnish basic boundary condition information about mass
and heat flows in the oceans which are important in shaping weather and climate. 相似文献
12.
James K. Angell 《Space Science Reviews》1972,13(2):274-289
Between June and November of 1970, 26 constant level balloons were released from Ascension Island (8 S) for flight at 30 and 50 mb. The balloons were positioned by the Interrogation, Recording and Location System (IRLS) aboard the Nimbus D satellite. In general, balloon positioning appeared to be accurate to within a few kilometers, although occasionally there was doubt as to whether the balloon position was to the right or left of the satellite subtrack. Eight of the flights at 50 mb and three of the flights at 30 mb were tracked for more than one month, and one 50 mb flight was tracked continuously for more than 5 months while making 7 circumnavigations of the Earth. From the satellite-determined 12-hourly balloon positions in the tropics, 223 smoothed 24-hour-average zonal and meridional winds were obtained at 30 mb and 693 such winds were obtained at 50 mb. Near the equator the balloons moved from east to west at a speed of about 23 ms–1 at 50 mb and 28 ms–1 at 30 mb, while undergoing a mean northward drift of approximately 0.1 ms–1. The northward drift was a maximum in the Northern Hemisphere winter, suggesting a weak upward extension of the Hadley Cell to 50 mb. Superimposed on this drift were oscillations in meridional velocity of about 2-month period, with these oscillations also most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Small (1–3 ms–1) short-period fluctuations in meridional velocity were evident directly above the equator at 50 mb. These waves appear to move westward at speeds of 30–40 ms–1 and to have a wavelength of about 90° longitude. They were responsible for transporting small amounts of westerly momentum into the winter hemisphere. Fluctuations in zonal velocity (Kelvin waves) were also delineated by flights near the equator. These waves appear to move eastward at speeds of 30–40 ms–1 and to have a wavelength of 360° longitude. Some comparisons are made between these IRLS data and the data obtained from GHOST balloon flights at the same heights in early 1969. 相似文献
13.
李莹 《沈阳航空工业学院学报》2008,25(4)
飞行力学中相关的飞行器运动方程都是在地面坐标系中建立的,地面坐标系的前提假设"平面大地"与地球表面具有曲率不符,经纬度能真实反映飞行器的飞行情况,但不能直接运用于飞行器运动方程.针对以上情况,提出了能够运用于地面坐标与经纬度相互转换的模型.在飞行仿真平台上,由飞行器运动方程建立相关的飞行机动动作模型,再由提出的坐标变换模型将运动方程中的相关参数转换为经纬度.实验结果表明,坐标变换模型是合理的,具有实用性,能运用于相关的飞行仿真平台中. 相似文献
14.
S. Matsushita 《Space Science Reviews》1976,19(4-5):713-737
Various reports of ionospheric responses during the August 1972 storm events are reviewed with respect to the phenomena in three major world sectors, N-S America, Afro-Europe, and Austro-Asia, in order to have a global picture. Emphasized highlights are (1) extensive investigation of the sudden increase of the total electron content estimated from Faraday-rotation measurements of satellite signals; (2) a dramatic upward surge above 300 km altitude, soon after a flare, measured by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar; (3) electron density profiles, electric fields and conductivities, and neutral winds, at the time of the geomagnetic storm sudden commencement and during the succeeding storms, measured by the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar; and, (4) approximately 2.5-h oscillatory F2 density variations in Eastern Asia during the F2 storm main phase. To show temporal variations of the latitudinal distributions of storm-time F2 electron densities, in three longitudinal sectors separated about 60° longitude each, newly investigated results of the F2 hourly data at 35 stations in the Asia-Australia-Pacific sector are then exhibited. Finally, current theories or at least theoretical ideas of ionospheric storm mechanisms are briefly introduced, and a few remarks on the August events in the light of those theories are presented. 相似文献
15.
为研究高超声速再入飞行器沿弹道的自由扰动运动的稳定性,考虑大气密度随高度的变化和引力梯度,建立了高超声速无动力再入纵向动力学小扰动线性化方程,然后获得转移矩阵和特征方程,在此基础上进行沿弹道的纵向模态分析。利用二次曲线及基于类型函数和形状函数(CST)的方法提出升力式高超声速飞行器气动布局,并采用工程估算方法获得飞行器气动特性数据。针对最大射程、最小射程和跳跃弹道等典型再入弹道进行沿弹道的模态稳定性分析,得到高超声速再入弹道高度模态、沉浮模态和短周期模态稳定性沿弹道的变化特征。从稳定性的角度,对弹道优化提出建议:应避免所设计的弹道产生太大的跳跃,即使是牺牲一些射程上的性能,因为跳跃会使短周期模态和沉浮模态产生更多的不稳定特征根。 相似文献
16.
H. A. Mayer-Hasselwander 《Space Science Reviews》1983,36(3):223-247
Detailed information on the high-energy gamma-ray emission from our Galaxy has become available through the two dedicated satellite missions SAS-2 and COS-B. The consistency of the two datasets is discussed; while a satisfying general agreement is observed, a few distinct discrepancies point to possible time variations within the compact source component of the total galactic emission. The bulk of emission appears very well correlated to the column density of the total interstellar gas, as traced by radio observations of Hi and CO. The gamma-ray observations exclude the possibility that H2 dominates in the inner Galaxy, its mass should not exceed the mass existing in the form of Hi. Neither a significant galactocentric gradient of the (high-energy) cosmic-ray flux density is suggested inside the solar circle (outside a decrease is needed), nor a linear coupling between the cosmic rays and the gas is indicated by the gamma-ray data. The systematic variation with longitude of the spectrum of the gamma-ray emission points to an increased flux of cosmic-ray electrons in the 100 MeV to 1 GeV energy range in regions where dense clouds are concentrated. The variation could as well be due to the largely unresolved population of compact gamma-ray objects. 相似文献
17.
S. B. Mende H. U. Frey K. Rider C. Chou S. E. Harris O. H. W. Siegmund S. L. England C. Wilkins W. Craig T. J. Immel P. Turin N. Darling J. Loicq P. Blain E. Syrstad B. Thompson R. Burt J. Champagne P. Sevilla S. Ellis 《Space Science Reviews》2017,212(1-2):655-696
ICON Far UltraViolet (FUV) imager contributes to the ICON science objectives by providing remote sensing measurements of the daytime and nighttime atmosphere/ionosphere. During sunlit atmospheric conditions, ICON FUV images the limb altitude profile in the shortwave (SW) band at 135.6 nm and the longwave (LW) band at 157 nm perpendicular to the satellite motion to retrieve the atmospheric O/N2 ratio. In conditions of atmospheric darkness, ICON FUV measures the 135.6 nm recombination emission of \(\mathrm{O}^{+}\) ions used to compute the nighttime ionospheric altitude distribution. ICON Far UltraViolet (FUV) imager is a Czerny–Turner design Spectrographic Imager with two exit slits and corresponding back imager cameras that produce two independent images in separate wavelength bands on two detectors. All observations will be processed as limb altitude profiles. In addition, the ionospheric 135.6 nm data will be processed as longitude and latitude spatial maps to obtain images of ion distributions around regions of equatorial spread F. The ICON FUV optic axis is pointed 20 degrees below local horizontal and has a steering mirror that allows the field of view to be steered up to 30 degrees forward and aft, to keep the local magnetic meridian in the field of view. The detectors are micro channel plate (MCP) intensified FUV tubes with the phosphor fiber-optically coupled to Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs). The dual stack MCP-s amplify the photoelectron signals to overcome the CCD noise and the rapidly scanned frames are co-added to digitally create 12-second integrated images. Digital on-board signal processing is used to compensate for geometric distortion and satellite motion and to achieve data compression. The instrument was originally aligned in visible light by using a special grating and visible cameras. Final alignment, functional and environmental testing and calibration were performed in a large vacuum chamber with a UV source. The test and calibration program showed that ICON FUV meets its design requirements and is ready to be launched on the ICON spacecraft. 相似文献
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付职忠 《中国民航学院学报》1990,8(1):1-10
在飞机选型中对各机型进行性能分析、经济性评估或编制飞行计划软件时,常需要根据航段两端点的经纬度坐标计算该航段的大圆距离及航向,在沿大圆航线飞行时也需要知道航路上各点的真航向及磁航向。本文用矢量方法导出了根据起止点的经纬度坐标计算该航段大圆距离及大圆航向的公式以及沿大圆航线飞行时根据给定点的经度计算其纬度和真航向的公式,并且用算例做了验证,结果表明这些公式是正确的。 相似文献
20.
Imawaki Shiro Uchida Hiroshi Ichikawa Kaoru Ambe Daisuke 《Space Science Reviews》2003,108(1-2):195-204
The mean sea-surface height obtained from satellite altimeters is different from the geoid by the amount of mean sea-surface
dynamic topography associated with ocean currents. Assuming geostrophy at the sea surface, the mean sea-surface dynamic topography
can be obtained from the mean sea-surface velocity field. This field is derived by combining anomalies (i.e., deviations from
the mean) of sea-surface velocity obtained from altimeter data and in situ surface velocities estimated from trajectories of surface drifting-buoys (hereafter, drifters). Where a drifter measured
the surface velocity, the temporal mean velocity can be estimated by subtracting the altimeter-derived velocity anomaly at
that time from the drifter-measured surface velocity. The method is applied to the surface flow field of the North Pacific,
using TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-1/2 altimeter data, and WOCE-TOGA surface drifter data obtained from October 1992 through December
2000. The temporal mean velocity field is estimated with a resolution of quarter degrees in both latitude and longitude. The
obtained mean velocity field clearly shows the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension, which are narrower and stronger than the climatological
mean features derived from historical hydrographic data averaged over several decades. Instantaneous velocities are estimated
by summing up these temporal mean velocities and anomalies, every ten days during the eight years. They compare well with
in situ velocities measured by the surface drifters. The instantaneous velocity field shows energetic fluctuation of the Kuroshio
Extension vividly.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献