A mechanism of formation of polar cyclones and possibility of their prediction using satellite observations

Using numerical simulation, a mechanism of formation of polar cyclones in the region of location of the arctic front in the winter troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere is studied. The simulation was performed with the help of the complete system of gas dynamics equations taking into account the transport of infrared radiation, phase transitions of water vapor into micro-drops of water and ice particles, and with allowance made for sedimentation of these drops and ice particles in the gravity field. In the initial and boundary conditions of the model, observational data on the structure of dominating air flows in the region of the arctic front over Norwegian Sea in January are used. Formation of large-scale cyclonic vortex flows in 15–20 hours at the presence of a bend of the central line of the shear flow in the arctic front 500–600 km long with northward or southward deviations by 100 km and more is obtained numerically. On the basis of the simulation results, a method of short-term forecast of formation and motion of polar cyclones is suggested.     

高等数学教学中数学建模思想的渗透

本文从数学建模及其重要意义角度出发,指出了学习数学建模的必要性和现在数学教学中存在的主要问题。学习高等数学的目的在于应用数学思想方法解决实际问题,将数学建模思想渗透到高等数学课程中,可提高学生应用数学知识和方法解决实际问题的能力,培养学生的数学素养、创新意识、创新精神和能力,从教学内容、教学手段、评价方法等各个环节注重数学建模思想的渗透,使数学建模意识成为学生思考问题的方法和习惯。     

一种系统级多维振动试验技术

与传统一维振动试验相比,多维振动试验能更加真实地模拟实际振动环境,有利于暴露潜在缺陷。研究了一种采用4个振动台、分别从水平和垂直方向施加激励的系统级多维振动试验技术,并阐述了该试验系统的总体设计、机械解耦技术、多维振动控制技术和夹具设计技术。通过运用三维建模、动力学分析和优化设计等手段,自主研制了系统样机并开发了振动控制软件,在国内首次实现了4台电磁振动台两轴向的同时激励。对关键技术的验证试验表明,采用的各项技术满足试验需要,各项指标满足设计要求。     

轴对称充液贮箱有加速度时的等效建模

用空间等效摆模型描述航天器储箱内液体晃动。根据液体晃动建模型与边界条件,获得了液体在贮葙腔内作涡旋运动时的赫姆霍兹方程。研究有加速度的平衡状态及小幅运动时固定腔体中理想流体的横向运动,分别求出每个腔体在固定基座上的固有频率和振型函数。航天器具横行速度和姿态运动时考虑航天器运动对加速度势的影响,给出液体对主刚体的作用力和力矩。由此建立了轴对称贮箱等效力学模型。加入干扰的动力学响应分析验证了模型的正确性和实际影响效果。     

基于UPF的航天器自主天文导航方法

利用红外地球敏感器和星敏感器直接敏感地平的天文导航方法是一种成熟、可靠的自主导航方法。这种导航方法的状态方程和量测方程都是严重非线性的,且在建立航天器轨道动力学模型时,通常将二阶带谐摄动项建模,而将其他摄动项等效为高斯白噪声,由于这些摄动项都有其精确的模型,通常不服从高斯分布。本文提出将UPF(Unscented Particle Filter)滤波方法应用于航天器自主天文导航,该方法用UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)得到粒子滤波的重要性采样密度函数,从而克服了标准的粒子滤波没有考虑最新量测信息和UKF只能应用于噪声为高斯分布的不足。仿真结果表明,该方法可以取得比标准的粒子滤波和UKF更快的滤波收敛性和更高的滤波精度。     

Effect of enclosure shape on natural convection velocities in microgravity

A numerical analysis was performed to compare natural convection velocities in two-dimensional enclosures of various shape. The following shapes were investigated: circle, square, horizontal and upright 2 × 1 aspect ratio rectangles, horizontal and upright half-circles, diamond (square oriented with diagonal vertical) and triangle (equilateral and horizontal base). In all cases, the length scale in the various dimensionless parameters, such as Rayleigh number, is defined as the diameter of the equal area circle. Natural convection velocities were calculated for Rayleigh numbers of 100 and 500 with the temperature difference taken to be across (a) the maximum horizontal dimension, (b) the median horizontal line (line through centroid) and (c) the horizontal distance such that the temperature gradient is the same for shapes of equal area. A Rayleigh number of 1000 is within the “low Rayleigh number” range for agreement with first order theory for circular enclosures. A Rayleigh number of 5000 is slightly out of this range. For the class of shapes including the square, upright half-circle and upright rectangle, the computed velocities were found to agree very closely with that of the equal area circle when the temperature difference is taken to be across the maximum horizontal dimension [condition (a)]. The velocities for the horizontal rectangle and half circle were found to be approximately one-half that of the equal area circle for the same condition. Better overall agreement among all shapes was obtained by setting the temperature difference across a distance such that the temperature gradients were equal for shapes of equal area.     

载人飞船泄复压过程中轨道舱的噪声环境试验研究

为了考察航天员对载人飞船泄复压过程中轨道舱内噪声环境的适应性,在KM6水平舱进行了相应的模拟试验,对轨道舱中的噪声环境进行了试验测量与研究.试验结果及航天员的实际感受表明,泄复压过程中轨道舱内的噪声环境满足要求,产生的噪声对航天员不会造成伤害.     

基于互易关系的混响载荷建模方法研究

针对混合声振建模问题提出了一种考虑声腔几何形状的混响载荷建模方法。该方法基于互易关系将声腔的混响声压转换为结构表面的等效混响载荷,并考虑声腔的几何边界,可提高建模的准确性。该方法可省略对复杂的外混响声腔进行细节建模,因此能够简化建模过程并提高分析效率。典型系统的算例分析表明,该建模方法是有效的,能够考虑不同声腔边界对结构声振响应的影响。     

临近空间载人舱着陆动力学及影响因素分析

为满足临近空间载人舱着陆缓冲装置可重复使用以及多着陆工况下能提供较好缓冲性能的要求,提出一种以双腔油气缓冲器为主支柱,单腔油气缓冲器为辅助支柱的新型着陆缓冲系统。针对舱体着陆过程,建立了考虑地面弹塑性变形的联合仿真动力学模型;通过与单腿着陆冲击试验的对比分析验证了所建动力学模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究了水平着陆速度,着陆俯仰角以及地面摩擦系数三种初始着陆条件对临近空间载人舱着陆性能的影响。研究结果表明：降低水平着陆速度可有效减小舱体水平着陆过载及提高着陆稳定性能;水平或小俯仰角着陆可使主、辅支柱的受载分配更加合理;减小足垫与地面间摩擦力可降低舱体竖直过载并提高着陆稳定性能。     

不同压力条件下水平平板的表面换热实验研究

为了解不同压力下水平平板的气体对流换热变化情况,搭建了一个提供不同气压和环境温度的实验舱,开展了在不同压力(0.1 Pa、0.1 k Pa、0.2 k Pa、0.5 k Pa、1 k Pa、10 k Pa、50 k Pa和常压)与几种加热量(75、150、300 W/m~2)组合条件下的水平平板换热实验研究。通过对辐射换热和自然对流换热的比较,得到不同压力下气体的对流换热系数。结果表明:对流换热系数在环境气体压力小于1 k Pa时非常小,而在1 k Pa以上时才较大;在大于1 k Pa时,对流换热系数随压力的升高呈二次方增加。     

Modeling the Modification of the Nighttime High-Latitude F-Region by Powerful HF Radiowaves

A mathematical model of the high-latitude F-region, taking the ionospheric plasma convection into account, is used for modeling a response of the auroral F-region to irradiation by powerful high-frequency (HF) radiowaves. The model enables us to calculate the time variations in the profiles of the electron concentration, the velocity of positive ions, and the ion and electron temperatures in the part of a magnetic-flux tube moving over an artificial ionospheric heater under the action of a convective electric field. The modeling was carried out for a part of the magnetic flux tube intersecting the F-layer irradiated by the Norwegian heater at Tromsö when it is located near the midnight magnetic meridian. The calculations were made for the equinox conditions under the high solar and low geomagnetic activity. The results of our modeling show that substantial variations in the profiles of the electron temperature, the velocity of positive ions, and the electron concentration can be produced in the nighttime high-latitude F-layer due to HF heating. The perturbation caused by a 20 s rectangular pulse should exist for about 20 min at the level of the F-layer maximum. The disturbed plasma volume can leave the region irradiated by the heater and move away for over 500 km within the above-mentioned time period.     

超临界压力下航空煤油RP-3在水平细圆管内对流换热特性实验研究

为探究超临界压力下碳氢燃料在水平管内的对流换热规律,文章针对超临界条件下航空煤油RP-3在水平细圆管内的对流换热,分析了热流密度、进口雷诺数及浮升力对对流换热的影响。研究表明:沿流动方向,管内表面传热系数随热流密度的增大先减小后增大;在低进口温度及低进口雷诺数情况下,管内换热均出现先恶化后强化的现象,而随着进口温度和雷诺数的增加,此现象消失;浮升力对换热的影响随热流密度的增加而增加;浮升力对下表面换热的加强使得入口效应的影响在下表面先于上表面结束;受浮升力影响,上下壁最大温差可达50 K;质量流速的增加会抑制浮升力对换热的影响;准则数Grq/Grth可以很好地反映浮升力的变化趋势。以上研究结果可为采用碳氢燃料作冷却介质的各类飞行器主动热防护技术方案提供技术支撑。     

Order of magnitude analysis of convective effects in dendritic solidification

The different types of convective phenomena which may occur during the dendritic solidification of metallic alloys are discussed from an order of magnitude analysis. Bulk thermal convection and/or interdendritic solutal convection have to be considered according to the values of the experimental data. Scaling laws for the solute boundary layer resulting from bulk thermal convection have already been derived. It is shown here that the interdendritic flow depends on a solutal Grashof number Gr based on the horizontal density gradient and a characteristic length L_s which is of the order of the liquid channels width. For Gr < 1, which is generally verified in practical cases, the interdendritic flow velocity U_r is proportional to the Grashof number. This a priori law compares favorably with the results of horizontal solidification experiments where the mean interdendritic flow velocity has been estimated from the resulting measured macrosegregation. In these experiments, as well as for most horizontal dendritic solidifications of metallic alloys at 1 g, the ratio $\text{U}{}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{R}$ (R is the growth rate) is of order one. In order to cancel the interdendritic flow effects, this ratio has to be lowered by one order of magnitude. According to our analysis, this can be obtained by performing the experiments either at a slightly reduced g level (～10^?1 g), or at 1 g in a vertical stable configuration with a sufficiently low residual horizontal thermal gradient.     

仿生偏振光定向算法及误差分析

基于标准大气偏振模型,研究了仿生偏振光定向原理,推导了当载体倾斜时的航向角计算方法,分析了各项误差源对航向角估计误差的影响。结果表明：若已知载体的水平角,可根据偏振角解算出载体航向角;引起定向误差的主要因素来自于仿生偏振光传感器误差和载体的水平角误差,太阳位置误差的因素可以忽略;当太阳高度角小于50°、载体水平角小于20°时,仿生偏振光定向的精度约等于偏振角的测量精度,即定向精度约为0.2°。     

电动绳系在低极轨卫星中的应用研究

低极轨卫星具有轨道周期短、对地观测分辨率高等优点,但由于所在轨道大气阻力大,其使用寿命受到较大限制。文章提出采用水平结构电动绳系抵消低极轨卫星大气阻力的方法,通过系绳电流与地球磁场相互作用产生洛仑兹力进行推进,进而在无燃料消耗的情况下实现对低极轨卫星轨道高度的维持。初步分析了该方法在低极轨不同尺寸卫星中的应用潜力,计算了160 、400 和800 km 典型高度低极轨卫星所经历的地球磁场、电离层和高层大气环境相关参数变化,比较了不同条件下电动绳系推力与大气阻力大小随轨道位置的变化。分析结果表明,该方法适用于400 km 轨道高度以上大卫星;在满足一定系绳长度和轨道高度的条件下,电动绳系可以有效延长低极轨卫星的轨道寿命。     

时变干扰下欠驱动AUV水平面轨迹跟踪的反步滑模控制

针对水下自主航天器AUV水平面的轨迹跟踪问题,建立时变外界干扰条件下的运动学模型以及动力学模型,将地面误差变量转换为艇体坐标变量,并推导得出其误差方程。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论研究反步滑模控制的相关算法,设计出时变干扰下的欠驱动AUV水平面轨迹跟踪控制器,最后分析了闭环控制系统中误差信号受到扰动时跟踪误差的敛散性。利用MATLAB/Simulink软件进行仿真实验,得出时变干扰作用下AUV对期望轨迹的跟踪情况,经实验验证本文设计的反步滑模控制器能有效地跟踪复杂轨迹,具有较强的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

Does gravity play an essential role in the asymmetrical visual perception of vertical and horizontal line length?

The eye perceives the length of vertical and horizontal lines with an inherent asymmetry. A vertical line having the same length as a horizontal one is usually perceived to be longer. In this experimental investigation we tested the hypothesis that gravity has a direct role in producing the observed perceptual asymmetry. To this end we performed experiments in weightlessness during long-orbital space flights onboard the MIR station. Subjects performed a psychophysical task in which the length of a visually-presented vertical line was adjusted to match the length of a horizontal reference. On Earth, almost all subjects produce errors in adjusting the length of the vertical line, consistently under-estimating the length of the horizontal reference. The asymmetry of perception of the line lengths persisted in weightlessness. From these results we conclude that the phenomena of asymmetry of perception of the lengths of vertical and horizontal lines is not dependent on gravity, but is instead defined by properties of the system of internal representation. Grant numbers: 99-04-48450.     

KM6水平舱消防灭火系统介绍

消防灭火系统是KM6水平舱的重要组成系统之一。由于舱内环境的特殊性,使得该系统不同于普通的消防灭火系统。针对KM6水平舱舱内的特殊环境,本文章分析了消防灭火系统的关键问题,提出了解决的具体方案,结合目前国际上先进的消防灭火技术,设计提出了适合KM6水平舱特殊环境的消防灭火系统具体方案。系统经过调试后表明:该系统设计理念先进,能很好的地满足水平舱“人-船-服”联合试验的需要。     

水平着陆飞行器着陆架系统耦合压缩触地过程仿真分析

水平着陆飞行器着陆架触地是一个短时间、高动态的复杂运动过程,着陆架系统中的轮胎和减震器压缩过程存在耦合因素,直接求解其微分方程具有一定的困难。采用一种基于力矩瞬时平衡条件的触地过程仿真分析方法,通过求解以减震器压缩量增量为自变量的一元非线性方程,得到既满足力矩瞬时平衡条件又满足几何耦合关系的减震器压缩量和轮胎压缩量。该方法不需要求解着陆架系统的运动方程,可在飞行器六自由度仿真模型基础上直接扩展,无需改变其仿真步长,可有效应用于水平着陆飞行器着陆架系统耦合压缩触地过程的仿真分析。     

空间碎片捕获过程动力学建模综述

文章分析了绳系捕获系统建模及精细化、捕获系统低阶鲁棒控制器和捕获过程半物理仿真的研究现状,并提出了有关空间碎片捕获过程动力学建模及仿真验证领域待解决的一些基本问题,为研制空间碎片回收系统奠定了理论基础。