2024-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头疲劳性能与寿命预测

通过实验观察2024-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头焊缝附近区域的焊缝横截面形貌及金相组织。观察表明搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头前进侧与后退侧存在形状不对称的钩状缺陷。将搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头在MTS材料实验机上进行恒幅疲劳加载,得到名义应力幅S-N曲线。根据实验结果建立搭接接头的弹塑性有限元模型,利用SWT疲劳损伤公式和应力集中区域循环应力应变有限元分析结果数据,预测搭接接头疲劳寿命,并将寿命预测结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明:在低周疲劳寿命范围内,采用SWT疲劳损伤公式对搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头的预测结果与实验结果接近,误差均在2个因子内,但对高周疲劳寿命的预测结果存在较大误差。分析表明,搭接接头的应力集中程度比有效厚度对疲劳寿命的影响更大。     

铝/铜异种金属搭接无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接工艺特性

以0.5mm厚6061铝合金和2mm厚T2紫铜搭接接头为研究对象,开展了无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接试验,通过对搅拌工具材料选择、焊缝成形、接头性能分析,研究了其焊接工艺特性。试验结果表明,相比热作模具钢,采用高速工具钢制成的搅拌工具有更长的使用寿命。对于铝/铜搭接接头,无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接能获得成形良好的焊缝,并且其工艺窗口宽泛,接头的力学性能良好,其承载能力能够达到铝合金母材的95%以上,但是当焊接速度为200mm/min时,主轴转速一旦超过25000r/min,焊缝表面将会出现沟槽缺陷。     

基于RBFNN-ACO的铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊工艺参数优化

采用尖部半螺纹搅拌针进行6151铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊试验,并基于径向基神经网络与蚁群算法相结合的方法优化工艺参数,达到改善搭接界面结构特征,进而实现最大化接头承载能力的目的。研究结果表明,当转速、焊速和下压量分别为1504 r/min、207 mm/min和0.12 mm时接头的拉剪载荷最大达5.06 kN/mm,比优化前的最大拉剪载荷提高了6.08%。径向基神经网络与蚁群优化算法相结合的智能方法为优化焊接工艺参数,进一步提高铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接接头强度提供了一种有效途径。     

2219铝合金无倾角式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织性能

采用基于三轴联动系统的无倾角搅拌摩擦焊方法,研究了2mm厚2219铝合金焊接试验过程,重点分析了微观组织分布特点和接头力学性能。结果表明,采用内聚花纹锥形轴肩搅拌工具,实现了无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接过程,焊缝外观及内部质量良好,但搭接界面处存在Hook现象,在前进侧呈现先向上后向下弯曲,指向焊核区的纹路特征,而后退侧呈现了向上弯曲的Hook钩状纹路;2mm厚铝合金2219无倾角式搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头拉伸剪切抗力平均为5630N,与母材抗拉力的比值为75.7%;同时,通过试验证明了无倾角搅拌摩擦焊方法对曲线焊缝的适应性。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊对搭接接头Hook缺陷研究

对厚度为16mm与20mm的6082铝合金对搭接接头进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,结果表明,对搭接接头搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数可调范围较宽,搅拌头旋转速度在300~600r/min及焊接速度在60~200mm/min条件下,能够获得完整无缺陷的焊接接头。搭接面处于前进侧时,Hook缺陷向上偏转,角度大于90°;搭接面处于后退侧时,Hook缺陷向下偏转,角度小于45°。     

铝/钢法兰钎焊焊缝开裂失效分析

文摘某管道法兰由镀镍不锈钢管与铝管通过钎焊的方式焊接而成,力学试验过程中钎焊缝部位发生开裂导致泄漏。通过断面形貌观察、能谱及金相分析发现,法兰钎焊焊缝界面处生成了10~20μm厚的Al-Fe金属间化合物层,分析认为焊缝发生开裂的原因是焊接过程中焊缝界面处反应过度生成了较厚的脆性金属间化合物层,焊接接头偏脆因而试验过程中在试验载荷作用下发生脆性开裂。     

纯铝与镀锌钢板MIG熔-钎焊工艺研究

采用Al-Mg,Al-Si两种填充焊丝,研究了纯铝与镀锌钢板异种金属材料的MIG熔-钎焊工艺,分析了焊接接头的界面结构特征及其力学性能。研究结果表明:在合适的焊接参数下,选用两种填充焊丝可以实现纯铝板(1060)与镀锌钢板的MIG熔-钎焊。与添加Al-Mg焊丝相比,填充Al-Si焊丝,界面反应层由θ-Al3Fe,η-Al5Fe2和AlFeSi相组成,且反应层较薄,焊缝中加入Si元素有效地抑制了金属间化合物层的生长,此时所获得的拉剪强度较大,接近纯铝板(1060)的抗拉强度,接头断裂发生在焊缝位置。     

转速对铝铜层状复合板搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)对铝铜层状复合板进行焊接,研究转速对焊接接头组织性能的影响。结果表明:FSW接头在焊缝区域内铝铜金属呈层状分布;随着搅拌头转速的增大,焊核区(NZ)中铝与铜晶粒尺寸增大;转速为1180 r/min时,铝层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为33.0 HV,超过母材显微硬度,抗拉强度为127.21 MPa;转速为750 r/min时,铜层焊缝中心区域平均显微硬度为99.7 HV,达到母材显微硬度的82.05%;孔洞缺陷是造成接头力学性能较低的主要原因。     

Ti/Al无针搅拌摩擦搭接点焊接头组织特征

采用无针搅拌摩擦搭接点焊对Ti6Al4V钛合金和2A12铝合金异种金属进行焊接,焊后低熔点铝合金受摩擦热影响发生熔化,而高熔点钛合金在焊接过程中始终保持固态,同时与处于液态的铝合金相互作用,最终Ti/Al界面形成熔钎焊接头且接头拉伸剪切力达19.20 kN。研究了Ti/Al熔钎焊接头钛合金和铝合金的组织变化以及连接界面的特征形貌。结果表明由于摩擦热及搅拌头下压的影响,焊点处钛合金和铝合金组织发生明显变化。钛侧主要形成热力影响区和母材区;铝侧形成熔核区、热影响区和母材区3个区域,热影响区和熔核区的晶粒尺寸相对母材区变粗大,其组织经历了受热长大、部分熔化到完全熔化3个过程。在搭接接头界面处形成均匀致密且微薄的金属间化合物层,主要成分为TiAl₃;接头界面区组织变化明显,中间部位有均匀的TiAl₃界面层,随着向接头两边延伸界面层逐渐消失且Cu元素聚集在边缘。相对其他Ti/Al搭接点焊的焊接方法,无针搅拌摩擦搭接点焊获得的接头抗拉伸剪切力得到了明显的提升。     

AZ31/LA141搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头的组织与力学性能

为了扩大搅拌摩擦搭接焊在镁合金异种材料的市场应用范围,采用搅拌摩擦搭接焊工艺对AZ31镁合金和LA141镁锂合金进行焊接。借助光学显微镜、维氏硬度计和万能试验机等仪器设备研究了搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头的显微组织,测试了接头的显微硬度和剪切拉伸。结果表明,当旋转速度为1800 r/min,焊接速度在80～120 mm/min之间时,AZ31/LA141搅拌摩擦搭接焊成形良好,无明显缺陷。在相同的焊接工艺参数条件下,上层AZ31和下层LA141前进侧热机影响区的晶粒尺寸均小于后退侧热机影响区的晶粒尺寸,而前进侧热影响区却与之相反,其晶粒尺寸均大于后退侧热影响区的晶粒尺寸。当焊接速度变大时,上层AZ31和下层LA141前进侧热机影响区的晶粒尺寸均随之变小。上层AZ31和下层LA141焊核区的显微硬度值变化趋势不同,前者先变大后变小,而后者却呈现变大的趋势。AZ31/LA141搭接接头拉剪力随着焊接速度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。