GPS和类GPS测距技术在双星编队星座状态确定中的联合应用

为提高状态确定的精度,借鉴AFF技术引入一种辅助手段——类似GPS的伪距和载波相位测距技术(简称类GPS测距技术)．它的伪码码元和载波相位波长比GPS的更短,因而可获得更高精度的相对测量信息．针对对地观测的双星编队星座的状态确定任务,建立了联合GPS和类GPS测距技术进行编队星座状态整体确定的数学模型,并快速同时解算出GPS星间单差模糊度和类GPS星内单差模糊度,最后进行了数学仿真．仿真结果表明,编队状态的精度有明显提高,其中相对位置精度为10~(-3)m,姿态角精度为10~(-4)rad．仿真证明该方法有效．     

GPS 时间同步技术及其在航天领域的应用前景

导航星全球定位系统(简称 GPS)是一项全新的卫星导航定位的高技术工程,是全球可共享的技术资源。它具有全球覆盖、全天候工作、全天24小时连续而实时地为无限多个用户提供高精度七维(三维位置、三维速度和时间)信息的能力。实时定位精度可达10m 以内,事后处理的定位精度可达1m 左右。测速精度可达0.1—0.01m/s。时间传递和时间同步精度可达10—1ns(10~(-9)s).本文简要介绍了 GPS 的概况和国内外开发研究的动态。着重就 GPS 时间传递的原理、力法和误差做了较深入的分析和论证。报道了国内首次 GPS 共视法时间同步大型试验的情况和取得的结果。最后,作者专门论述了 GPS 技术在航天领域的应用前景。     

比对法真空计量标准装置的研制

比对法真空计量标准装置是一种结构简单、操作方便、检定效率高、实用性强的二等真空标准装置。主要技术要求完全符合国际标准化组织(ISO)和国内有关真空标准的规定,尤其适用于真空计量二级站和一些基层单位大量常规校准,校准范围为10~5～10~(-4)Pa,总不确定度小于10％。在10~(-4)Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于1％,在1～10~5Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于0.5％。该标准装置的极限压力达10~(-6)pa。     

大电阻和小电流计量标准

本文对10~(13)～10~(15)Ω大电阻和10~(-12)～10~(-15)A 小电流计量标准进行了系统叙述,分析了这类标准在国外的发展状况,对比了两类标准的电容积分-徽分型的工作原理,确认它是最佳实现形式。讨论了电路实现的关键元部件,指出在这样的极限参数范围内的元器件的水平最终限制了计量标准的技术性能,给出了改进的途径,以脉冲调宽方法来实现积分器及计量参数调节,进而减少对元件的依赖,并提出了适用的标定方法。     

5.001MHz低噪声综合器的研制

介绍一个5.001MHz低噪声综合器的设计思想及实施过程中的具体技术考虑。该综合器的频率稳定度可达3.5×10~(-10)/mS和5×10~(13)/s,特别适用于在双混频时差测量系统以及利川差拍周期法的测频系统中作外差信号源。     

一种精密超高阻测量系统

为了对高阻和超高阻进行测量,采用全等电位屏蔽电桥线路、比例校准技术,并配以高灵敏指零仪和精密高压电流,研制出了 JRH 型精密超高阻测量系统。该系统是一个高精度、自校准、在0～5000V 下能测量高阻、超高阻、电阻比、电阻变化和电阻电压系数的电桥系统.其测量范围为10~3……10~(15)Ω,测量准确度最高为5×10~(-5)。文中还叙述了电桥系统的工作原理、结构与线路设计、误差分析和测试结果.     

超稳定激光钟

空军为满足先进战斗机的需求已提出高准确度定时频率源和精密惯性导航系统的要求。作者曾提出一种采用多频环形激光陀螺仪(RLG)同时作为陀螺仪和钟的方法。这种器件采用带附加检波器的多频环形激光陀螺,该检波器用于检出583MHz的拍频,并相应地配上必要的电子部件,以产生5MHz的钟信号。已完成两套环形激光陀螺的试验工作。第一套环形激光陀螺在低速旋转时并不起陀螺仪的作用。稳定度数据在lms与200ms之间是较好的,但时间更长则开始变坏。第二套环形激光陀螺起陀螺仪的作用,不过来曾在试验中作过相应的测试。频率稳定度达到4.6×10~(10)/lms;3.4×10~(-10)/10ms;8.7×10~(11)/0.1s;1.6×10~(10)/1.0s;4.5×10~(10)/10s;4.8×10~(-9)/100s。从lms到200 ms的数据主要受量子系统限制。长期稳定度变坏显然是由法拉第转子的温度漂移所引起。建议采用补偿法以改进准确度。环形激光陀螺钟是一种传递型频标,因而在使用前必须调节到参考频率源的频率上。目前可按全球定位系统(GPS)、联合作战情报发布系统(JTIDS)、雷达技术或直接连接到一时间标准等办法作参考来调节环形激光陀螺钟。     

利用GPS技术实现中国VLBI网高精度时频同步技术方案

就利用GPS技术实现中国VLBI网的高精度时频同步技术方案和其在天文学(天体物理、天体测量)、大地测量学、地球动力学(地球自转速率变化、地极移动、地壳形变、板块运动、地震)、空间科学和行星科学、时间频率比对及广义相对论检验等科学领域的重要应用进行了论证和介绍。     

0.033—1.0T标准磁场系统

本标准磁场系统由电磁铁、激磁稳流电源、核磁共振测场仪三大部分组成,电磁铁较小,均匀区达φ60mm(1×10~(-1));激磁稳流电源保证了磁通密度高度稳定,达3×10~(-6)/5分钟,核磁共振测场仪准确度达6×10~(-6)。文中重点介绍了它们的理论依据及采取的主要技术措施。     

XB14型精密石英谐振器的研制

XB14型精密石英谐振器是为现代通信、导航和航天飞行器工程系统及地面高稳晶振研制的一种小型晶体频率控制元件。该谐振器采用了硬玻璃扁平壳和高频感应真空封接技术,具有体积小、密封性好、无封接污染,高可靠和低老等特点,它的频率范围在5～250MHz,老化率在10~(-8)～10~(-9)/d量级。     

Evaluation of COMPASS ionospheric model in GNSS positioning

As important products of GNSS navigation message, ionospheric delay model parameters are broadcasted for single-frequency users to improve their positioning accuracy. GPS provides daily Klobuchar ionospheric model parameters based on geomagnetic reference frame, while the regional satellite navigation system of China’s COMPASS broadcasts an eight-parameter ionospheric model, COMPASS Ionospheric Model(CIM), which was generated by processing data from continuous monitoring stations, with updating the parameters every 2 h. To evaluate its performance, CIM predictions are compared to ionospheric delay measurements, along with GPS positioning accuracy comparisons. Real observed data analysis indicates that CIM provides higher correction precision in middle-latitude regions, but relatively lower correction precision for low-latitude regions where the ionosphere has much higher variability. CIM errors for some users show a common bias for in-coming COMPASS signals from different satellites, and hence ionospheric model errors are somehow translated into the receivers’ clock error estimation. In addition, the CIM from the China regional monitoring network are further evaluated for global ionospheric corrections. Results show that in the Northern Hemisphere areas including Asia, Europe and North America, the three-dimensional positioning accuracy using the CIM for ionospheric delay corrections is improved by 7.8%–35.3% when compared to GPS single-frequency positioning ionospheric delay corrections using the Klobuchar model. However, the positioning accuracy in the Southern Hemisphere is degraded due apparently to the lack of monitoring stations there.     

Evaluation of a regional real-time precise positioning system based on GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia

The performance of real-time (RT) precise positioning can be improved by utilizing observations from multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instead of one particular system. Since the end of 2012, BeiDou, independently established by China, began to provide operational services for users in the Asia-Pacific regions. In this study, a regional RT precise positioning system is developed to evaluate the performance of GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia in providing high precision positioning services for users. Fixing three hourly updated satellite orbits, RT correction messages are generated and broadcasted by processing RT observation/navigation data streams from the national network of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations in Australia (AUSCORS) at the server side. At the user side, RT PPP is realized by processing RT data streams and the RT correction messages received. RT clock offsets, for which the accuracy reached 0.07 and 0.28?ns for GPS and BeiDou, respectively, can be determined. Based on these corrections, an accuracy of 12.2, 30.0 and 45.6?cm in the North, East and Up directions was achieved for the BeiDou-only solution after 30 min while the GPS-only solution reached 5.1, 15.3 and 15.5?cm for the same components at the same time. A further improvement of 43.7, 36.9 and 45.0 percent in the three directions, respectively, was achieved for the combined GPS/BeiDou solution. After the initialization process, the North, East and Up positioning accuracies were 5.2, 8.1 and 17.8?cm, respectively, for the BeiDou-only solution, while 1.5, 3.0, and 4.7?cm for the GPS-only solution. However, we only noticed a 20.9% improvement in the East direction was obtained for the GPS/BeiDou solution, while no improvements in the other directions were detected. It is expected that such improvements may become bigger with the increasing accuracy of the BeiDou-only solution.     

首都圈GPS地形变监测网的布设与观测

系统地介绍了首都圈ＧＰＳ地形变监测网布设的科学思路和原则,该网的基本情况,以及为提高观测精度而采取的重大技术措施。这个ＧＰＳ监测网是全国规模最大、精度最高的监测网,现已完成布设和观测,预期精度将优于５×１０－８将在地震监测预报中发挥重要的作用。     

观测资料和卫星钟差对PPP参数收敛影响分析

在GPS 单点定位中, 参数解算的收敛时间和收敛稳定性是重要的研究内容之一, 影响收敛时间和收敛稳定性的因素很多, 本文主要就观测资料的不同采样间隔、卫星钟差资料的不同采样间隔、不同的定位精度要求对精密单点定位中参数收敛时间的影响进行了深入的分析探讨, 以中国上海GPS综合应用网中的12个测站资料为例, 分析了采样间隔、定位精度要求与收敛时间的关系, 并对不同采样间隔的收敛时间进行了统计分析, 得出一些初步结论.      

Precise coseismic displacements from the GPS variometric approach using different precise products: Application to the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

The Global Positioning System (GPS) variometric approach has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional well-developed positioning techniques including relative positioning and precise point positioning. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of the variometric approach to retrieve coseismic displacements at centimeter-level precision, in a real-time manner using only readily available broadcast ephemeris. This study presents the first results comparing the performance of the variometric approach by using a variety of precise satellite orbit and clock products. Totally six kinds of products are included in our evaluation, namely the broadcast, IGS (International GNSS Service) ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed), rapid, final (30-s clock) and CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) final (5-s clock) products. Static and dynamic experiments are conducted using 1-Hz GPS data covering a relatively large area in China during the 2008 Wenchuan M_W 7.9 earthquake. After removing the linear trend, the displacements using broadcast, ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed) and rapid products reach nearly equivalent precisions at centimeter level. By using final and CODE final products, the precision of displacements can be significantly improved from 1.9–2.0 cm to 0.4–0.7 cm horizontally, and from 6.0–6.2 cm to 1.0–1.7 cm vertically for the dynamic experiments. The displacements using the CODE final products achieve the best precision, improved by more than 40% compared to those using the IGS final products. With the availability of IGS high-rate real-time precise products, this approach is promising to capture coseismic displacements more precisely in real time, which is crucial for earthquake and tsunami early warning.     

Effects of physical correlations on long-distance GPS positioning and zenith tropospheric delay estimates

The global positioning system (GPS) has become an essential tool for the high precision navigation and positioning. The quality of GPS positioning results mainly depends on the model’s formulations regarding GPS observations, including both a functional model, which describes the mathematical relationships between the GPS measurements and unknown parameters, and a stochastic model, which reflects the physical properties of the measurements. Over the past two decades, the functional models for GPS measurements have been investigated in considerable detail. However, the stochastic models of GPS observation data are simplified, assuming that all the GPS measurements have the same variance and are statistically independent. Such assumptions are unrealistic. Although a few studies of GPS stochastic models were performed, they are restricted to short baselines and short time session lengths. In this paper, the stochastic modeling for GPS long-baseline and zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) estimates with a 24-h session is investigated using the residual-based and standard stochastic models. Results show that using the different stochastic modelling methods, the total differences can reach as much as 3–6 mm in the baseline component, especially in the height component, and 10 mm in the ZTD estimation. Any misspecification in the stochastic models will result in unreliable GPS baseline and ZTD estimations. Using the residual-based stochastic model, not only the precision of GPS baseline and ZTD estimation is obviously improved, but also the baseline and ZTD estimations are closer to the reference value.     

基于实时SSR数据的LEO卫星精密单点定位研究

对目前低轨卫星实时定位的方法进行了研究,现在通常采用GPS定位,使用广播星历和普通晶振,实时定位精度一般在10m以内,不能满足高精度实时定位的需求。IGS组织在全球范围内对GPS跟踪分析,生成精密星历、精密钟差产品、按SSR格式的广播星历和钟差修正产品并在网上发布。对这些IGS产品进行了调查,提出在现有测控支持情况下,可以通过高密度上注SSR信息流实现在轨高精度定位。以某型号低轨微小卫星在轨导航增强载荷为应用背景,用IGS03产品中的1057和1058数据对双频GPS接收机的星历和钟差进行修正,采用递推最小二乘估计和LAMDA模糊度固定过对载波相位和伪距信息进行处理,在短时间内获得亚米级定位结果。     

基于CIT技术的广域增强系统电离层延迟修正算法

提出了一种基于电离层层析成像(CIT)技术的广域增强系统(WAAS)电离层延迟 修正算法. 该算法利用模式基函数与截断奇异值分解正则化组合的方式, 实现WAAS单频用户的电离层延迟误差修正. 基于中国区域23个广域基准站 和10个用户站的仿真结果分析表明, 传统的网格算法和基于CIT技术的电离 层延迟修正算法的电离层延迟修正精度与太阳活动、昼夜变化及地磁纬度 之间均存在明显的相关性. 基于CIT技术的电离层延迟修正算法精度优于网格算法, CIT算法的平均误差与标准差相比网格算法均有较大幅度的下降.      

An Integer Precise Point Positioning technique for sea surface observations using a GPS buoy

GPS data dedicated to sea surface observation are usually processed using differential techniques. Unfortunately, the precision of resulting kinematic positions is baseline-length dependent. So, high precision sea surface observations using differential GPS techniques are limited to coasts, lakes, and rivers. Recent improvements in GPS satellite products (orbits, clocks, and phase biases) make phase ambiguity fixing at the zero difference level achievable and opens up the observation of the sea surface without geographical constraints. This paper recalls the concept of the Integer Precise Point Positioning technique and discusses the precision of GPS buoy positioning. A sequential version of the GINS software has been implemented to achieve single epoch GPS positioning. We used 1 Hz data from a two week GPS campaign conducted in the Kerguelen Islands. A GPS buoy has been moored close to a radar gauge and 90 m away from a permanent GPS station. This infrastructure offers the opportunity to compare both kinematic Integer Precise Point Positioning and classical differential GPS positioning techniques to in situ radar gauge data. We found that Precise Point Positioning results are not significantly biased with respect to radar gauge data and that horizontal time series are consistent with differential processing at the sub-centimetre precision level. Nevertheless, standard deviations of height time series with respect to radar gauge data are typically [4–5] cm. The dominant driver for noise at this level is attributed to errors in tropospheric estimates which propagate into position solutions.     

GPS授时校频方法研究与试验结果

为了解决多目标综合测量系统各测站之间时间同步和频率校准问题,提出了利用GPS(Global Positioning System)单星或多星共视方法进行站间时间同步与校频,给出了这两种方法的计算公式,分析了星历误差、星钟误差、电离层折射误差、对流层折射误差、多径效应和接收机硬件延迟对时间同步精度的影响.为了验证GPS授时校频精度,进行了相关试验.通过与铯原子钟比对,表明利用GPS可实现纳秒级时间同步,校频精度也优于5.0×10-11,多星共视具有更高的同步校频精度.