Topex／Poseidon海面波形实验卫星

托帕斯—海神(Topex/Poseidon)是NASA和法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)合作搞的一个项目,计划于1992年夏天发射一颗卫星(见封4照片),用于环球海洋探测。它采用精密的测高法测量卫星距海洋表面的高度并准确确定卫星轨道,可绘制出海洋表面的三维模型。卫星轨道是这样设计的:使测高仪波束扫描轨迹大约每隔10天重复原来模式。这颗卫星不仅能测量海洋地貌的特点,而且可测出一些随时间变化的、有水源的山丘及深谷。 Topex/Poseidon科学实验计划于1987     

海洋-2卫星及其应用

海洋－2卫星是我国首颗用于海洋动力环境探测的卫星,于2011年8月成功发射,2012年3月正式投入使用。该卫星工程研制突破了高精度有效载荷、精密测定轨等关键技术,在多个技术领域达到国际先进水平,实现了高观测精度、高测定轨精度、星地激光高速数据传输、关键部件自主研制、航天器数字集成设计等五大能力提升。经过在轨验证,海洋－2卫星和星载设备工作稳定,各项功能和性能满足研制总要求,整体达到国际先进水平,其观测数据有效填补了国际同类微波遥感卫星数据的不足,在全球对地观测体系中发挥着重要作用。     

国外海洋卫星的现状与未来

卫星海洋遥感对观测与研究全球海洋环境和海洋资源具有重要作用,其特点是快速、连续、大范围和能同时观测多个参数。目前,全球已发射了40多颗探测海洋的卫星,包括专用海洋卫星和装载多种遥感器具有大气、海洋、陆地等环境监测能力的综合型遥感卫星。海洋卫星是专门用于观测和研究海洋的人造地球卫星。虽然利用气象卫星和资源卫星也可以获得一些海洋现象的信息,但由于海洋现象和变化     

创新精密加工、引领智能制造,加快建设“制造强国”——第三届精密智造高层论坛暨第三十八届航天精密加工技术交流会在长沙召开

正制造业是国民经济的主体,是立国之本、兴国之器、强国之基。为推广国防科技工业精密制造与超精密加工技术研究成果,促进专业技术创新、应用与发展,迎接智能制造新时代,第三届精密智造高层论坛暨第三十八届航天精密加工技术交流会于2017年11月16-17日在湖南省长沙市召开。本次会议是由中国航天科技集团公司科技委、中国航天科技集团公司第九研究院、国防科技工业超精密机械加工技术研究应用中心、航天精密加工技术交流站、中国航天科技集团公司精密与超精密加工工艺技术中心、中国航天科技集团公司第九研究院精密与超精密加工工艺技术中心联合主办,北京航天控制仪器研究所、哈尔滨工业大学、国防科学技术大     

卫星精密定轨用三频双向测距测速系统

努力提高跟踪精度多年来一直是跟踪技术中不断探讨和需要研究、解决的问题。文章根据国内外跟踪系统的发展,提供了一种卫星精密定轨用的微波精密跟踪系统的初步方案设想。     

美国地壳动力学计划概况

美国地壳动力学计划是由设在马里兰州的哥达德空间飞行中心规划的,是航宇局与美国地质调查局、国家海洋大气局以及国防测绘局共同搞的一个空间研究项目。该计划是根据1977年通过的“减轻地震灾害大法”制定的,其主要目的是进一步探讨地震的成因,减轻地震带来的损失,尽可能地预报地震发生的时间和地点。地壳动力学理论的核心是研究有关地壳移动的问题。了解地壳移动的最简单的办法,就是反复测量地球上各点的距离,并研究它们随时间的变化,然后把这些测量与地壳模式相比较,特别要与地球板块构造学预测的移动数据进行比较。地球板块学主要是有关地壳的理论,     

倚天观海,助力海洋发展战略——中国海洋卫星应用面面观

正近几十年来,中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护,尤其是随着"一带一路"战略的实施,建设海洋强国、维护海洋权益和加快发展海洋经济,对海洋探测与应用能力提出了更高的要求。海洋卫星具有全天时、全天候、同步、快速、高频次、长期连续观测等优势,可以经济、方便地对大面积海域实现实时、同步、连续的监测,是认识、研究、开发、利用和管理海洋的重要技     

欧洲“土壤湿度和海洋盐浓度”卫星升空

欧洲航天局（ESA）的“土壤湿度和海洋盐浓度”（SMOS,见图1）卫星在2009年11月2日升空,用于观测地表的土壤湿度和海洋盐浓度。土壤湿度数据是进行水文研究急需的,海洋盐浓度则对提高人类对洋流的理解至为重要。     

前言

随着频率控制器件、高精密频率源的迅速发展和时间频率测量技术在航天工程、雷达、导航、通讯、深空探测、射电天文、精密守时、精密测绘、长基线平涉仪、电波传播现象的研究等方面的广泛应用,以及由于时间、频率基准的准确度是所有计量基准中最高的,其他基准如长度、电压、低温均可借助时间频率基准来提高他们的准确度,因此,频率控制器件和时间频率基准已成为国内外广泛研究的重要课题。美国出版的“频率控制年会”论文集比较集中地介绍了最近取得的有关时间频率的一些     

精密加工与精密测量技术的发展

从精密加工技术的范畴出发，介绍了精密加工技术的方法和特点。根据精密测量技术与精密加工技术的相互关系，从精密加工的角度着重介绍了精密测量技术的发展，特别是对几种常见的微／纳米级精密测量仪器进行了简单介绍。最后，根据精密加工技术和精密测量技术在发展中存在的问题，分别提出了精密加工技术和精密测量技术的发展设想。     

Merging Landsat and spaceborne radar data over Tunisia

Synthetic Aperture Radar data were acquired over Tunisia by Seasat in Aug. 1978 and by SIR-A in Nov. 1981. The radar images are contrasted to the Landsat scenes overlapping the same area. The Landsat images were taken in Aug. 1978 and in Sept. 1981. In this study, subareas of the SIR-A and MSS images are registered to the corresponding Seasat data (1313 lines by 1970 samples). The test site is located East of Kairouan, Tunisia. It is a low relief area with subdesertic climatic conditions. This region was selected for it has been surveyed by both Seasat and SIR-A providing perpendicular radar illumination directions. The multispectral and multitemporal coregistered data set enables comparisons between the systems (radar versus MSS, and Seasat versus SIR-A), and change detection in the desertification processes and on the surface of the playas.     

Satellite altimetry determination of differences between mean sea-level heights and testing geopotential models

The Satellite Altimeter Data has been used for a) Determination of differences between mean ocean levels; b) Testing the accuracy of different geopotential models as regards their internal structure over the oceans.     

Satellite altimeter measurements of the geoid in sea ice zones

The Seasat radar altimeter provided surface height measurements to a precision better than 10cm over the open ocean, The data have been used to produce maps of the ocean geoid which reveal details of sub-surface topography such as sea mounts, ocean trenches and mid-ocean ridges /1/. In areas of the ocean covered by sea ice, however, the quasi-specular ice returns which occurred were incorrectly handled by the on-board processor. This resulted in a significant decrease in the precision of the surface height estimates. Consequently, researchers have generally eliminated data from regions where sea ice is suspected to have been present, including large areas of the Antarctic ocean. We have developed a technique for significantly improving the height measurements over such areas permitting the mapping of the geoid in such regions. The short wavelength RMS deviation of elevation measurements from collinear passes over such areas has been reduced from 1.032m to 0.632m. The application of the technique to ERS-1 altimeter data will be particularly important, since coverage of a substantial area of the Arctic ocean (up to 82° latitude) will be possible for the first time     

A Novel Ship Wake Detection Algorithm Based on WTHT and Radon Transform

This paper proposes a novel ship wake detection algorithm based on the White Top-hat Transform (WTHT) and the Radon transform, which aims to improve the contrast between the ship wake and the background so as to improve the detection performance on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. The proposed algorithm includes two major processes, and one is to improve the contrast and another one is to locate the ship wake. In high sea state conditions, the contrast of ship wake and background can be very low, which makes it difficult to detect. In the first step, the proposed contrast improvement algorithm is applied to improving the contrast which helps for improving the detection performance. An attribute filter based on edge detection result is adopted here. In the second step the contrast improved image is transformed into the Radon domain followed by peak extraction process to find the wake, the WTHT is used once more in this step. Finally, in the last step, the wake is overlapped on the original image. Experimental results on Tiangong-2 Interferometric Imaging Radar Altimeter (InIRA) images are presented and compared with that obtained by using the classical algorithm, and in this way, the better performance of our algorithm is demonstrated.      

First quality assessment of the Cryosat-2 altimetric system over ocean

This paper presents the results of a Calval analysis performed for the Cryosat-2 mission over ocean. The data set used in this analysis consists of products generated by the Cryosat-2 Processor Prototype developed by CNES (Center National d’Etudes Spatiales). This data set has been analysed focusing on LRM (Low Resolution Mode) mode only. One major objective of this paper is to illustrate the potential of Cryosat-2 data over ocean, mainly for waves and Sea Level Anomaly applications. All the results indicate very good performances of the SIRAL (SAR/Interferometric Altimeter) altimeter over ocean. Crossover standard deviation is close to 6.5 cm over the analysed period (3 months) which is close to the Jason-2 and ENVISAT performance. All these results confirm that Cryosat’s altimeter can provide data almost as valuable as other flying altimetric missions, and that it has the potential to contribute to oceanography (e.g. multi-mission climate record, mesoscale monitoring in near real time) and to geodesy (e.g. mean sea surface, bathymetry).     

Gravity model development for precise orbit computations for satellite altimetry

Satellite altimeters have been developed which have the capability of measuring the surface topography of the ocean over entire basins for time periods of several years with a precision of a few cm. The combination of these data with accurate satellite position information, subsurface measurements and models of the density field can be used to determine the general circulation of the ocean and its variability. The Topex altimeter oceanographic experiment proposed for the early 1990's requires a radial orbit accuracy approaching 10 cm. Considerable progress has been made at the Goddard Space Flight Center in developing precision orbit determination to support satellite altimetry analysis. This progress is attributed to the development of more accurate models of the earth gravity field, earth and ocean tidal effects, a reference coordinate system as well as improved drag and solar radiation pressure computations. This computational system has been used for the Seasat data acquired during the 1978 time period and has produced an rms radial accuracy of about 50 cm. A first step towards the development of a new Interim gravity model is presented. Global orbit determination accuracies have been improved using these new PGS-T1 and T2 fields.     

Preliminary gravity recovery from CryoSat-2 data in the Baffin Bay

A number of geophysical phenomenons in the open ocean are still unresolved by conventional altimetry, but could be resolved through the potential improvements offered by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), also called Delay-Doppler, altimetry. The SAR altimeter offers the following benefits with respect to conventional satellite altimetry: factor of 20 improvements in the along-track resolution, the along-track footprint length which does not vary with wave height (sea state), and improved precision in sea surface height measurements or sea surface slope measurements.     

Synthetic aperture radar capabilities for snow and glacier monitoring

The potential of SAR systems for monitoring the seasonal snow cover and glaciers has been investigated based on an airborne experiment in the Austrian Alps and on Seasat SAR and Shuttle Imaging Radar-A data. X- and C-band SAR are useful sensors for mapping wet snow packs, while in L-band snow-covered and snow-free surfaces often cannot be separated. SAR data in all three frequency bands provide valuable glaciological information.     

High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions

This paper describes an innovative method for processing nadir altimeter data acquired in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode, enhancing the system performances over open ocean. Similarly to the current SAR data processing scheme, the so-called LR-RMC (Low Resolution with Range Migration Correction) method, originally designed by Phalippou and Demeester (2011), includes Doppler beam forming, Doppler shift correction and range correction. In LR-RMC, however, an alternative and less complex averaging (stacking) operation is used so that all the Doppler beams produced in a radar cycle (4 bursts of 64 beams for the open-burst Sentinel-3-mode altimeter) are incoherently combined to form a multi-beam echo. In that manner, contrarily to the narrow-band SAR technique, the LR-RMC processing enlarges the effective footprint to average out the effects of surface waves and particularly those from small sub-mesoscale structures (<1 km) that are known to impact SAR-mode performances. On the other hand, the number of averaged beams is as high as in current SAR-mode processing, thus providing a noise reduction at least equally good. The LR-RMC method has the added benefit of reducing the incoherent integration time with respect to the SAR-mode processing (50 ms compared to 2.5 s) limiting possible surface movement effects. By processing one year of Sentinel-3A SRAL SAR-mode data using the LR-RMC method, it is shown that the swell impact on the SAR altimeter performances is totally removed and that an improvement of 10–50% is obtained in the measurement noise of the sea surface height and significant wave height with respect to SAR mode. Additionally, observational capabilities over the middle scales are enhanced potentially allowing the ocean mesoscale features to be retrieved and observations assimilated more usefully in ocean models.     

The evaluation of damped Newton variational ocean wind retrieval method

This paper researches on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ocean wind retrieval approach, evaluates the method of Damped Newton VARiational method (DNVAR) and the direct method (DIRECT) using two years’ real SAR data and different background winds. Experiments are carried out using SENTINEL-1 SAR information as observation, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy data as in-situ data, Global Forecast System (GFS), Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT), WindSAT, and Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) wind products as background data. Thousands of match-ups are extracted. Results show that DNVAR can improve the wind field accuracy when the background data is ASCAT and CCMP. Especially, DNVAR wind speed results are much better than the official product of SENTINEL-1 wind data. The background data is crucial to the wind field retrieval results, so high accuracy of background data could lead to high accuracy results.