含铰链间隙板式卫星天线展开精度分析

板式卫星天线展开机构在航天领域有着广泛的应用,其空间尺寸大,拓扑结构复杂,构件之间多用铰链联结,卫星天线对指向精度要求较高,应考虑铰链间隙对指向精度的影响。含铰链间隙的卫星天线展开机构的指向精度分析建模复杂、求解困难,为此提出了矩阵法分块建模的分析方法,将复杂的整机模型分解成锁定机构计算模型与2个单闭环机构计算模型,分别分析计算铰链间隙对其精度造成的影响,建立整机的计算模型并采用粒子群优化算法进行求解,得到某特定构型的板式卫星天线在极恶劣工况下展开的指向误差为0.067°。研究表明,建立的计算模型精度高,通过智能优化算法求解可以快速得到卫星可展开机构的指向精度极恶劣值,为展开机构的误差补偿设计提供参考。      

空间可展开天线铰链热变形分析与试验验证

在轨热变形是影响空间可展开天线精度的关键因素之一,因此,空间可展开天线结构的在轨热变形分析具有十分重要的意义。随着空间探测任务要求的不断提高,铰链热变形对空间可展开天线指向精度的影响已经不可忽略。以某空间可展开天线的根部铰链和臂间铰链为研究对象,建立其有限元模型,计算铰链主弯方向和侧弯方向在温度每变化10℃时相对角度的变化。基于高低温箱和电子经纬仪构建铰链精度测试系统,开展铰链热变形试验。试验结果表明：根部铰链和臂间铰链在主弯方向和侧弯方向呈现纯结构热变形特性,仿真结果与试验分析结果基本一致,验证有限元模型和试验分析方法的正确性。根据铰链主弯和侧弯方向角度相对变化,评估热变形对铰链变形的影响。该建模和试验分析方法可为同类型空间可展开天线设计、分析和优化及类似可展开机构精度影响因素的分析提供参考。     

星载SAR天线展开机构装配精度确信可靠性建模

星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）天线展开机构是空间桁架结构,其杆系和铰链的空间位置相互耦合,在装配过程中主要依赖于人工装调,装配精度难以准确控制,装配可靠性直接影响星载SAR天线的服役性能。为此,基于可靠性科学原理,提出星载SAR天线装配精度确信可靠性建模方法。考虑天线装配过程中影响装配精度的内因和外因,确定表征天线展开机构装配精度的性能指标及阈值,建立性能裕量模型。开展多源不确定性分析与量化,构建星载SAR天线展开机构装配精度确信可靠性模型。以某型号星载SAR天线展开机构为研究对象,进行可靠性敏感度分析和验证。研究结果表明：所提方法可为星载SAR天线展开机构装调提供理论指导,有效提高装配精度和效率。     

转动副临界角分析及其在四连杆机构中的应用

滑动配合条件下,转动副（R副）通过接触面间的相对滑动提供一个转动自由度。由于接触面间的摩擦和间隙共同作用,R副会在一个小的摆角范围内发生自锁,这一摆角将在机构平衡时带来连杆长度误差和连杆偏角误差。本文指出了R副中临界角的存在,讨论了使得R副实现自锁的临界角范围,在考虑接触变形和不考虑接触变形2种条件下对临界角进行了计算,并以一平面四连杆机构作为应用算例,综合对比了铰链间隙、接触变形和摩擦因素对所在连杆机构输出精度的影响。算例结果表明,在一般的精度计算中铰链间隙及连杆弹性变形起主要影响作用,铰链本身的接触变形量可忽略。      

构架式可展开天线自由度与奇异性分析

针对以四面体为基本单元的构架式空间可展开天线,基于螺旋理论分析了多环耦合机构3RR-3RRR基本单元及多单元组网的自由度,降低分析此构架单元过约束与奇异性的复杂性。首先,根据螺旋理论能同时表示运动副轴线的位置和运动副类型的特点,建立了3RR-3RRR单元各铰链的运动螺旋并求解出单元过约束数;其次,运用修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式求解出此单元的自由度,并分析出在特殊位形下的奇异性和瞬时性;最后,多单元组网成一个复杂耦合机构,采用等效构型的方法简化组网结构可得此天线反射器收展所需自由度,再通过计算各花盘的相对间距来验证构架可展开天线的收展协调性。研究表明构架式天线反射器3RR-3RRR四面体单元为单自由度机构且含有4个过约束,便于机构的展开控制,在同步杆铰链处于特殊位形下有约束奇异。组网后反射器桁架系统是单自由度机构,机构在单驱动运动过程中可展开完全,实现构架可展开天线各杆件在工作时运动协调,在空间机构领域具有良好的应用性。     

平面3自由度柔顺微动机器人加工误差分析

在微/纳米级定位领域,误差分析是提高微动机器人运动精度的重要方法.其中,对加工误差的分析尤其关键.为此,对平面3自由度(DOF,Degree of Freedom)柔性并联微动机器人的加工误差进行了研究.通过对机器人静刚度求解,建立了加工误差与其末端执行器定位精度的关系模型.通过理论计算途径及有限元方法(FEM)讨论了各结构参数加工误差对末端精度的影响程度,结果表明柔性铰链圆弧切口半径误差以及铰链圆弧切口中心线角度偏差对机器人末端精度的影响最大.研究所得结论可用于指导此类机构设计,确定加工过程中各机构参数的公差要求,并有助于提高标定精度.     

大型容器单轴双销铰链式大门机构设计与分析

大型卧式容器的铰链式大门机构在装配和长期使用过程中由于下沉变形会导致大门关不严,影响密封性能.针对某在建的大型真空羽流试验舱直径Φ5.5m的大门机构,首次提出了一种新颖的单轴双销铰链式大门机构方案,并对该机构的转动机构、限转装置和大门法兰底部的弹性支撑装置进行了全新的设计和分析,并通过有限元分析对该大门机构的强度进行了校核.有限元分析结果表明,大门合位移变形主要由大门重力引起的y方向位移贡献;在大门法兰底部施加弹性支撑时,铰链机构与大门法兰连接处的两个应力集中范围缩小、量值降低,并能保证大门合位移小于10mm.该大门机构的强度和刚度满足设计要求,对同尺寸的大门设计有重要借鉴意义.      

大型网状天线展开过程温度及展开时机分析

大型网状天线在轨展开过程复杂,风险大。反射器在展开过程中的温度影响展开动力与碳纤维管件抗弯能力,是反射器展开安全的关键因素。通过测试得到反射器展开动力的传动效率、桁架管件抗弯能力随温度变化规律,即-65℃时管件抗弯能力最好,而传动效率随温度升高而提高。通过建立大型网状天线有限元模型与节点矩阵转换算法,模拟展开臂与反射器的展开过程,对管件与T型铰链在轨温度变化规律进行分析,确定最佳展开时机,降低展开过程中展开动力不足、管件强度过载等风险。分析结果表明：布置在地球静止轨道卫星东舱板的大型网状天线展开时机为6:00~9:00时,管件抗弯能力最强;展开时机为4:00时,T型铰链展开动力传动效率最高。     

基于压电陶瓷驱动的六自由度空间光学拼接系统

由于加工工艺的限制,大口径空间光学系统通常由多个子镜拼接而成。为了保证系统的成像质量,每个子镜都需要在毫米级范围内实现微米级精度的运动调节。提出了一种串并混联的、由压电陶瓷（PZT）驱动的六轴高精度定位系统。与常见的Steward平台相比,该方案具有结构紧凑、运动学简单等特点。为了同时实现大行程和高分辨率,采用桥式放大器对PZT行程进行放大,采用柔性铰链消除运动过程中的摩擦和间隙,分析了放大器在两种外部负载下的性能,并根据实际应用情况对放大器进行了设计。此外,还发现了在执行机构的输出端必须使用位移传感器,以消除柔性机构中常见的输入耦合现象。设计的可行性通过有限元分析和实验研究进行了验证。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。