考虑气动力非线性的柔性飞机阵风响应分析

针对大展弦比柔性飞机阵风响应问题,考虑在大攻角(AOA)情况下气动力非线性的影响,通过将修正的Theodorsen方法与片条理论相结合,得到非线性的时域非定常气动力;在此基础上,建立阵风干扰下的大展弦比柔性飞机非线性气动弹性模型,完整地发展了一种新颖的可考虑气动力非线性的大展弦比柔性飞机阵风响应分析方法.结合算例模型开展方法验证和数值仿真,对比翼尖和质心(CG)处阵风附加过载在线性和非线性情况下的变化.算例结果表明,考虑大攻角情况下的气动力非线性后,大展弦比飞机的阵风响应较线性情况有明显变化,翼尖处的阵风附加过载最多可减少41.7%,气动力非线性的影响不可忽视.      

基于任务评定的战斗机大迎角飞行控制律设计方法

针对现代战斗机大迎角机动的飞行控制设计问题,在角速率指令非线性动态逆控制律基础上,引入表征期望飞行品质的理想参考模型,构成了模型参考动态逆飞行控制律,并借助基于任务的飞行品质评定方法完成了控制参数的整定,从而实现了对飞机大迎角机动的控制.对设计结果进行了时域和频域仿真,并使用基于任务的飞行品质评定方法对闭环系统的飞行品质进行了评定,验证了控制律设计的有效性.通过不同任务下评定结果的对比,说明了这一方法在揭示飞机大迎角飞行品质特性和特定任务对飞行控制律的特殊要求这两方面的优越性,可用于战斗机大迎角机动的非线性飞行控制律设计与飞行品质的评定.      

基于全局稳定性分析的大迎角飞控系统设计

针对飞机大迎角非线性动力学系统,提出用全局稳定性分析方法指导大迎角控制律设计.首先利用非线性分叉分析方法研究了大迎角非线性动力学系统的结构稳定性问题.在此基础上,通过合理选择平衡点线化方程,采用特征结构配置方法设计调参的大迎角控制律,以使飞机的稳定飞行状态可延伸至大迎角范围.此外,还通过时域数字仿真估算了闭环系统大迎角稳定平衡点的吸引域．与其他方法相比可得到闭环控制系统的定范围渐近稳定性,而不仅是Lyapunov局部渐近稳定性.      

The gravitational field and brain function.

The frontal cortex is recognized as the highest adaptive control center of the human brain. The principle of the "frontalization" of human brain function offers new possibilities for brain research in space. There is evolutionary and experimental evidence indicating the validity of the principle, including it's role in nervous response to gravitational stimulation. The gravitational field is considered here as one of the more constant and comprehensive factors acting on brain evolution, which has undergone some successive crucial steps: "encephalization", "corticalization", "lateralization" and "frontalization". The dominating effects of electrical responses from the frontal cortex have been discovered 1) in experiments under gravitational stimulus; and 2) in processes potentially relating to gravitational adaptation, such as memory and learning, sensory information processing, motor programing, and brain state control. A brain research experiment during space flight is suggested to test the role of the frontal cortex in space adaptation and it's potentiality in brain control.     

近距耦合鸭式布局复杂涡系的干扰机理

在不同的迎角范围内,通过求解雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程模拟了雷诺数Re=2.4×10⁵下,鸭翼和机翼前缘后掠角均为50°的近距耦合鸭式布局简化模型的绕流结构,并与该模型的风洞测力和水洞流动显示实验结果进行了比较和验证,分析了鸭翼涡和机翼涡在不同迎角下的演变过程.根据鸭翼的不同作用效果,将迎角范围划分为3个区域,分析了各个迎角范围内的主要作用机制.鸭翼涡与机翼涡的演变和干扰过程虽然极为复杂,但可将其概括为诱导、卷绕和破裂作用.分析结果表明:中大迎角以后鸭翼涡都会对主翼涡产生有利影响,尤其在中大迎角下,卷绕起到了主导作用,鸭翼涡产生的增升效果也最好.     

Peculiarities of moisture transfer in capillary-porous soil substitutes during space flight.

Aboard the orbital stations, "Salyut-7" and "Mir", investigations on the peculiarities of moisture transfer in capillary-porous bodies (CPB; that is, soil substitutes) in microgravity were conducted by the authors with a specially designed device and an original method. Water distribution in CPB-perlite (fractions 1.5... 2.5 mm) was studied, and theoretical dependances for linear capillary impregnation of CPB were determined.     

利用CFD技术计算飞行器动导数

利用非定常流场数值计算方法模拟飞行器强迫俯仰振荡仅能得到俯仰力矩系数对迎角变化率和俯仰角速度的动导数之和,而动稳定性分析需要单独的动导数数值.为解决这个问题,利用滑移网格模拟强迫振荡运动,得到俯仰力矩系数对迎角变化率和俯仰角速度的动导数之和.利用旋转参考坐标系模拟定常拉升,得到俯仰力矩系数对俯仰角速度的动导数.利用旋转参考坐标系模拟匀速滚转,得到滚转力矩系数对滚转角速度的动导数.对有翼导弹和水上飞机进行了纵向和横向动导数的计算.计算结果与试验数据、文献数据以及其他方法得到的结果具有较好的一致性,表明提出的方法可用于复杂外形飞行器动导数计算.     

Gravity, cellular membranes and associated processes: an introduction.

The aim of the session "Gravity: Cellular Membranes and Associated Processes" was to bring together scientists from different biological disciplines concentrated on the same scientific question: What are the basic interactions or influences, respectively, of gravity on cellular, molecular level? Presentations were selected dealing with the interaction of gravity with basic physico-chemical processes of membranes, such as changes of the membrane composition of human erythrocytes up to ultrastructural changes in a fungus and other objects after exposure to the conditions of space flight, clinorotation or increased acceleration by means of centrifugation. Taken together the data presented here and in the other session of the symposium on "Life and Gravity", clearly outline that future basic physico-chemical studies, and studies dealing with the molecular basis of the cellular signal-perception and transduction, have to be pressed forward in order to understand signal-responses on cellular level, but also of a whole organism.     

地磁暴恢复相中间层低热层高纬温度响应

利用TIMEGCM模拟了2005年9月10日至20日由日冕物质抛射引起的地磁暴事件,研究了此地磁暴恢复相高纬度中间层低热层（MLT）区域温度的变化,揭示了磁暴恢复相时温度、垂直风、总加热项和NO辐射冷却的内在联系.结果表明:地磁暴恢复相刚开始时,温度对磁暴的响应在晨侧为负扰动（降温）,在其他地区都为正扰动（增温）;随着磁暴的恢复,整个北半球都变为正的温度扰动（增温）.这种高纬MLT区域的温度响应主要与垂直风密切相关.当垂直风为正时,总加热为负,增温减弱;当垂直风为负时,总加热为正,增温变强.辐射冷却特别是NO辐射冷却作用在热层被称为恒温器,降低了磁暴期间80%的热层增温.但是,在MLT区域NO辐射冷却作用不明显,一般比总加热项小一个量级,对温度响应造成的影响较小.      

System analysis of links interactions and development of ecosystems of different types.

The anthropogenic impact on the Earth's ecosystems are leading to dramatic changes in ecosystem functioning and even to destruction of them. System analysis and the use of heuristic modeling can be an effective means to determine the main biological interactions and key factors that are of high importance for understanding the development of ecosystems. Cycling of limiting substances, induced by the external free energy flux, and trophic links interaction is the basis of the mathematical modeling studies presented in this paper. Mathematical models describe the dynamics of simplified ecosystems having different characteristics: 1) different degrees of biotic turnover closure (from open to completely closed); 2) different numbers of trophic links (including both "top-down", "bottom-up" regulation types); 3) different intensities of input-output flows of the limiting nutrient and its total amount in the system. Adaptive values of the changes of lower hierarchical levels (populational, trophic chain level) are to be estimated by integrity indices for total system functioning (e.g. NPP, total photosynthesis). The approach developed can be used for evaluating the contributions of lower hierarchical levels to the functioning of the higher hierarchical levels of the system. This approach may have value for determining biomanipulation management and their assessment.     

On inappropriately used neuronal circuits as a possible basis of the "loop-swimming" behaviour of fish under reduced gravity: a theoretical study.

One hypothesis for the explanation of the so-called "loop-swimming" behaviour in fish when being subjected to reduced gravity assumes that the activities of the differently weighted otoliths of the two labyrinths are well compensated on ground but that a functional asymmetry is induced in weightlessness, resulting in a tonus asymmetry of the body and by this generating the "loop-swimming" behaviour. The basis of this abnormal behaviour has to be searched for in the central nervous system (cns), where the signal-transduction from the inner ear- related signal internalisation to the signal response takes place. Circuits within the CNS of fish, that could possibly generate the "loop-swimming", might be as follows: An asymmetric activation of vestibulospinal circuits would directly result in a tonus asymmetry of the body. An asymmetric activation of the oculomotor nucleus would generate an asymmetrical rotation of the eyes. This would cause in its turn asymmetric images on the two retinas, which were forwarded to the diencephalic accessory optic system (AOS). It is the task of the AOS to stabilize retinal images, thereby involving the cerebellum, which is the main integration center for sensory and motor modalities. With this, the cerebellar output would generate a tonus asymmetry of the body in order to make the body of the fish follow its eyes. Such movements (especially when assuming an open loop control) would end up in the aforementioned "loop-swimming" behaviour.     

Biological effects of heavy ions from the standpoint of target theory.

The biological effect of heavy ions is best described through the action cross section, as a function of the end-point of interest and the charge and speed of the ion. In track theory this is called the "ion-kill" cross section, for it is the effect produced by a single heavy ion and its delta rays. As with nuclear emulsions the biological track structure passes from the grain count regime to the track width regime to the thindown region with an increase in LET. With biological cells, as with any detector capable of storing sublethal damage, with low LET irradiation the action cross section (in the ion-kill mode) is increasingly obscured by the effect of "gamma-kill", by the influence of overlapping delta rays from neighboring heavy ions. Thus at low LET response is dominated by the gamma-kill mode, so that the RBE approaches 1. The theory requires 4 radiosensitivity parameters for biological detectors, extracted from survival curves at several high LET bombardments passing through the grain count regime, and at high doses. Once these are known the systematic response of biological detectors to all high LET bombardments can be unfolded separating ion kill from gamma kill, predicting the response to a mixed radiation environment, and predicting low dose response even at the level of a single heavy ion. Cell killing parameters are now available for a variety of cell lines. Newly added is a set of parameters for cell transformation.     

鸭翼/边条对融合体型机身大攻角气动特性影响

通过对融合体型机身进行表面测压和PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)流动显示实验,研究了大攻角下鸭翼/边条对机身气动特性的影响规律.结果表明:加装鸭翼后攻角小于50°时机头区流动变化不大,超过50°攻角后,机头区法向力显著下降,并且随着攻角增加受影响区域向头部方向扩大;加装鸭翼致使鸭翼区截面法向力大幅增加.加装边条改善了边条区流动,边条涡对机头涡产生有利诱导,增大了边条区法向力.加装边条/鸭翼时,对机头区及鸭翼区流场的影响由鸭翼起主控作用,对边条区流场的影响由边条起主控作用.     

Formation of bioorganic compounds in planetary atmospheres by cosmic radiation.

Simulated planetary atmospheres (mixtures of simple gases) were irradiated with high energy particles to simulate an action of cosmic rays. When a mixture of carbon monoxide, nitrogen and water was irradiated with 2.8-40 MeV protons, a wide variety of bioorganic compounds including amino acids, imidazole, and uracil were identified in the products. The amount of amino acids was proportional to the energy deposit to the system. Various kinds of simulated planetary atmospheres, such as "Titan type" and "Jovian type", were also irradiated with high energy protons, and gave amino acids in the hydrolyzed products. Since cosmic rays are a universal energy source in space, it was suggested that formation of bioorganic compounds in planetary atmospheres is inevitable in the course of cosmic evolution.     

中国航天器工程的成就与展望

中国航天器工程 40多年来经历了技术准备阶段、技术试验阶段和工程应用阶段 ,已形成了返回式遥感卫星系列 ,通信广播卫星系列 ,气象卫星系列和科学探测与技术试验卫星系列 ,而地球资源卫星系列和导航定位卫星系列也即将形成 ;至今中国已发射成功人造地球卫星 5 1颗 ,发射成功试验载人飞船 4艘 ,取得了举世瞩目的成就 ,为国民经济、国防建设、文化教育和科学研究作出了重大的贡献。进入 2 1世纪 ,根据中国航天近期和远期的发展目标 ,中国航天器工程将迎来新的辉煌     

Ultrastructural changes in osteocytes in microgravity conditions.

We examined the histology and morphometry of biosamples (biopsies) of the iliac crest of monkeys, flown 14 days aboard the "Bion-11", using electron microscopy. We found, that some young osteocytes take part in the activation of collagen protein biosynthesis in the adaptive remodeling process of the bone tissue to microgravity conditions. Osteocyte lacunae filled with collagen fibrils; this correlates with fibrotic osteoblast reorganization in such zones. The osteolytic activity in mature osteocytes is intensified. As a result of osteocyte destruction, the quantity of empty osteocytic lacunae in the bone tissue increases.     

Role of shielding in modulating the effects of solar particle events: Monte Carlo calculation of absorbed dose and DNA complex lesions in different organs.

Distributions of absorbed dose and DNA clustered damage yields in various organs and tissues following the October 1989 solar particle event (SPE) were calculated by coupling the FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code with two anthropomorphic phantoms (a mathematical model and a voxel model), with the main aim of quantifying the role of the shielding features in modulating organ doses. The phantoms, which were assumed to be in deep space, were inserted into a shielding box of variable thickness and material and were irradiated with the proton spectra of the October 1989 event. Average numbers of DNA lesions per cell in different organs were calculated by adopting a technique already tested in previous works, consisting of integrating into "condensed-history" Monte Carlo transport codes--such as FLUKA--yields of radiobiological damage, either calculated with "event-by-event" track structure simulations, or taken from experimental works available in the literature. More specifically, the yields of "Complex Lesions" (or "CL", defined and calculated as a clustered DNA damage in a previous work) per unit dose and DNA mass (CL Gy-1 Da-1) due to the various beam components, including those derived from nuclear interactions with the shielding and the human body, were integrated in FLUKA. This provided spatial distributions of CL/cell yields in different organs, as well as distributions of absorbed doses. The contributions of primary protons and secondary hadrons were calculated separately, and the simulations were repeated for values of Al shielding thickness ranging between 1 and 20 g/cm2. Slight differences were found between the two phantom types. Skin and eye lenses were found to receive larger doses with respect to internal organs; however, shielding was more effective for skin and lenses. Secondary particles arising from nuclear interactions were found to have a minor role, although their relative contribution was found to be larger for the Complex Lesions than for the absorbed dose, due to their higher LET and thus higher biological effectiveness.     

Super-helix model: a physiological model for gravitaxis of Paramecium.

A new model explaining the gravitactic behavior of Paramecium is derived on the basis of its mechanism of gravity sensing. Paramecium is know to have depolarizing mechanoreceptor ion channels in the anterior and hyperpolarizing channels in the posterior of the cell. This arrangement may lead to bidirectional changes of the membrane potential due to the selective deformation of the anterior and posterior cell membrane responding to the orientation of the cell with respect to the gravity vector; i.e., negative- and positive-going shifts of the potential due to the upward and downward orientation, respectively. The orientation dependent changes in membrane potential, in combination with the close coupling between the membrane potential and ciliary locomotor activity, may allow the changes in swimming direction along the otherwise simple helical swimming path in the following manner: an upward shift of the axis of helical swimming occurs by decreasing the pitch angle due to channel-dependent hyperpolarization in upward-orienting cells, and an upward shift of the swimming helix occurs by increasing the cell's pitch angle due to depolarization in downward-orienting cells. Computer simulation of the model demonstrated that the cell can swim upward along the "super-helical" trajectory consisting of a small helix winding helically along an axis parallel to the gravity vector.