Biaxial Mode of Rotation of a Satellite in the Orbit Plane

A mode of motion of a satellite with respect to its center of mass is studied, which is called the biaxial rotation in the orbit plane. In this mode of rotation, an elongated and nearly dynamically symmetric satellite rotates around the longitudinal axis, which, in turn, rotates around the normal to the plane of an orbit; the angular velocity of rotation around the longitudinal axis is several times larger than the orbital angular velocity, deviations of this axis from the orbit plane are small. Such a rotation is convenient in the case when it is required to secure a sufficiently uniform illumination of the satellite's surface by the Sun at a comparatively small angular velocity of the satellite. The investigation consists of the numerical integration of equations of the satellite's motion, which take into account gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments, as well as the evolution of the orbit. At high orbits, the mode of the biaxial rotation is conserved for an appreciable length of time, and at low orbits it is destroyed due to the impact of the aerodynamic moment. The orbit altitudes and the method of constructing the initial conditions of motion that guarantee a sufficiently prolonged period of existence of this mode are specified.     

Stochastic motion of geosynchronous satellites

Long-period evolution of the orbital elements of geosynchronous objects moving in the neighborhood of separatrices of the region of libration resonance is studied. At the phase plane “the longitude of the subsatellite point-semi-major axis” the regions of migration of separatrices where the separatrices can move due to the influence of perturbations are isolated. The dimensions of these regions and the distances between them have the same order of magnitude, several kilometers along the semi-major axis. The regions of migration do not overlap at the initial value of the orbit inclination 0°. When inclination increases, gradual overlapping of these regions takes place. On average, the width of the zones of stochasticity increases when the area to mass ratio increases and decreases when inclination of the orbit increases. The zones of stochasticity corresponding to different separatrices are separated from each other. A catalog of the passive geosynchronous objects moving in the neighborhood of separatrices is compiled. The evolution of the objects of the catalog is studied.     

电离层小尺度因素对无线电大气掩星弯曲角的影响

历经25年的发展,基于GNSS的无线电掩星技术已经成为一种有效的临近空间探测手段,但是在无线电大气掩星观测及数据处理过程中不可避免地会受到各种误差的影响,其中,电离层是重要误差源之一.由于电离层小尺度因素的存在,GNSS信号在穿越电离层过程中会受到影响,表现为振幅和相位上的振荡,并最终影响反演所得的大气弯曲角产品.文章...     

Variation of the Satellite Orbit Altitude by the Light Pressure Force

The possibility of the uncontrolled increase of the altitude of an almost circular satellite orbit by the force of the light pressure is investigated. The satellite is equipped with a damper and a system of mirrors (solar batteries can serve as such a system). The flight of the satellite takes place in the mode of a single-axis gravitational orientation, the axis of its minimum principal central moment of inertia makes a small angle with the local vertical and the motion of the satellite around this axis constitutes forced oscillations under the impact of the moment of force of the light pressure. The form of the oscillations and the initial orbit are chosen so that the transverse component of the force of the light pressure acting upon the satellite be positive and the semimajor axis of the orbit would continuously increase. As this takes place, the orbit remains almost circular. We investigate the evolution of the orbit over an extended time interval by the method which employs separate integration of the equations of the orbital and rotational motions of the satellite. The method includes outer and inner cycles. The outer cycle involves the numerical integration of the averaged equations of motion of the satellite center of mass. The inner cycle serves to calculate the right-hand sides of these equations. It amounts to constructing an asymptotically stable periodic motion of the satellite in the mode of a single-axis gravitational orientation for current values of the orbit elements and to averaging the equations of the orbital motion along it. It is demonstrated that the monotone increase of the semimajor axis takes place during the first 15 years of motion. In actuality, the semimajor axis oscillates with a period of about 60 years. The eccentricity and inclination of the orbit remain close to their initial values.     

The Dynamics of a Satellite-Gyrostat with a Single Nonzero Component of the Vector of Gyrostatic Moment

The dynamics of a satellite-gyrostat moving in the central Newtonian force field along a circular orbit is studied. In the particular case when the vector of gyrostatic moment is parallel to one of the satellite’s principal central axes of inertia, all the equilibrium states are determined. For each equilibrium orientation, sufficient conditions of stability are obtained as a result of the analysis of the generalized energy integral, and necessary conditions of stability are determined as a result of analysis of the linearized equations of motion. The evolution of regions of validity for the conditions of stability of equilibrium positions are studied in detail depending on the parameters of the problem. All the bifurcation values of the parameters at which qualitative changes of the regions of stability take place are determined.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2005, pp. 283–294.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sarychev, Mirer, Degtyarev.     

微重力环境中重力梯度加速度引起的流体晃动运动

本文研究了关于旋转轴在贮箱的非对称轴上且远离贮箱的几何中心情况下，流体在微重力环境中由重力梯度加速度诱发的晃动特性，建立了问题的数学模型并对模型进行了数值模拟。以高级Ｘ射线天文物理实验卫星（简称ＡＸＡＦ─Ｓ）作为研究对象，获得了由旋转运动引起的重力梯度加速度的数学表达式。晃动问题的数值计算以与卫星固连的非惯性坐标系为基础，目的是寻求一种较为易处理且适合于流体力学方程的边界和初始条件。通过数值计算获得了流体作用于卫星贮箱上的力和力矩。     

固体微型推力器应用设计

为了使固体微型推力器阵列应用于微型卫星控制,须要解决推力器的布局设计以及推力器阵列设计问题。提出了一种以正六边形为基元的推力器阵列方法,研究了推力器阵列的特点及规律,进行了应用分析;研究了推力器阵列的最优布局方式,设计了一种基于解耦控制的推力器布局设计,分析了该布局下的冲量和冲量矩的包络面。以正六边形为基元的推力器阵列方式能够满足微型卫星姿轨控的需要,推力器分布规律性强,利于分配算法设计;采用正六面体方式的布局设计,其冲量和冲量矩包络面亦为正六面体。     

Shock tube study of boundary layer instability

An experimental study of the spatio-temporal evolution of the transition in a shock-tube wall boundary-layer has been carried out with thin film heat transfer gauges placed all along the tube. The results show that the transition appears, for small initial pressures, under the form of turbulent spots which are periodically created: these spots grow and are transported roughly at a velocity slightly smaller than the inviscid flow, regressing towards the contact surface. For higher initial pressures, a continuous transitional front is created which moves at about the same velocity as the shock-wave. These results seem to explain previous and often contradictory interpretations based on quasi-punctual measurements but the fact remains that the characterization criteria of the transition in unsteady boundary layers are still to be studied.     

State propagation in an uncertain asteroid gravity field

Various spacecraft have been and will be sent to asteroids to characterize them. Generally, an asteroid's gravity field is very irregular and not accurately known when compared to the gravity field of a major planet, Earth in particular. It has been well studied that the irregularity significantly affects the trajectory of an orbiting spacecraft, and causes it to impact or to escape from the asteroid. Complementary to that, this paper focuses on the influence of the limited knowledge of this gravity field on the evolution of the spacecraft's orbit. It develops a general method by which this influence can be quantified. This method comprises specific Monte Carlo simulations with a discrete set of low-altitude orbits, taking into account the uncertainties in the gravity-field parameters. For illustration purposes, it is applied to two different asteroids. Already after three revolutions, the gravity-field uncertainties propagate to significant position uncertainties; this specifically holds for prograde orbits, and around the smaller asteroid. Applying this robust and accurate method helps mission designers and planners to assess the risk posed by gravity uncertainties, and take appropriate measures such as choosing the most favorable orbital geometries and/or lowering the orbit more slowly.     

采用VSCMGs的航天器IPACS设计的一种投影矩阵方法

研究以变速控制力矩陀螺群（VSCMGs）为执行机构的能量／姿态一体化控制系统（IPACS）中的操纵律设计问题。建立了带VSCMGs的刚性航天器的动力学方程，用Lyapunov方法设计了渐近稳定的姿态控制律；在对VSCMGs的动力学进行详细分析的基础上，用投影矩阵法设计了一种操纵律，该算法将姿态控制指令力矩分解成两个力矩分量之和，其中一个由陀螺模式提供，另一个由飞轮模式提供，从而使VSCMGs处于构型奇异时陀螺模式也处于工作状态，降低了飞轮模式的负荷；文中证明了IPACS所需的变速控制力矩陀螺（VSCMG）个数最少为3，并分析证明了所设计的算法可以有效地解决姿控／储能一体化设计中可能出现的奇异问题。仿真结果验证了所设计算法的可行性。     

MSCMG框架伺服系统非线性摩擦力矩建模与实验研究

在磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺(MSCMG)中,由于陀螺耦合力矩的影响,使得陀螺框架系统的摩擦力矩随着陀螺输出力矩和框架角位置的不同而发生变化,为了实现控制力矩陀螺输出力矩的高精度控制,需要对摩擦力矩进行精确建模。对控制力矩陀螺框架系统进行了动力学研究,分析了摩擦力矩随陀螺输出力矩和框架角位置的变化机理和变化规律,并据此建立了磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架系统的非线性摩擦力矩模型和非线性动力学模型。用实验数据对非线性动力学模型参数进行了最优最小二乘辨识,并用所得到的模型进行实际数据分析和仿真研究,仿真结果与实际实验数据非常吻合,验证了所建立模型的正确性和有效性。     

小天体不规则度与光学导航质心提取及应用

针对深空自主导航的小天体"形心和光心"提取问题,提出了小天体不规则度的概念,并给出了定义.小天体不规则度可以度量小天体形状和亮度的不规则程度,并作为不规则小天体质心提取方法的选取准则.首先提出了基于小天体不规则度的图像处理方法选取准则,进而针对形状不规则程度较大的小天体,提出一种基于最小外接图形的不规则小天体形心提取方...     

捷联惯导系统初始对准技术的研究

以舰空导弹捷联惯导为背景，研究了捷联系系统在舰船支基座情况下的初始对准问题。介绍了目前国内外正在使用与正在研究的各种初始对准方法。比较了它们的性质与使用局限性。这些方法可以作为确定初始对准方案的参考。     

Features of rotational motion of a spacecraft descending in the Martian atmosphere

Angular motion at atmospheric entry is studied in the paper for a spacecraft with a bi-harmonic moment characteristic. Special attention is given to the case when the spacecraft possesses two stable balanced positions, and, hence, it can oscillate in dense atmospheric layers in the ranges of small or large angles of attack. The averaged equations of spacecraft motion are derived, which allow one to increase the speed of calculations by several orders of magnitude. A real example is presented, which concerns a spacecraft specially designed for descending in the Martian atmosphere.     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺动框架效应的FXLMS自适应精确补偿控制方法仿真研究

在磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（CMG）中，框架运动对磁悬浮转子支承系统的扰动可以采用角速率前馈加以补偿，但前馈系数固定时的补偿精度受磁轴承系统模型误差影响而显著下降。为了提高补偿精度，本文针对MIMO磁悬浮转子系统，提出一种基于FXLMS（filtered-X least mean square）算法的自适应前馈方法，采用梯度估计和最速下降策略推导前馈权值更新算法，并根据算法收敛性和收敛速度设计收敛因子和权初值。仿真结果表明，该方法收敛速度快，抗噪声能力强，相同模型误差情况下使转子的动框架位移降低到固定特性前馈时的20％，大幅度提高了动框架前馈补偿精度，有利于进一步提高磁悬浮CMG的力矩输出精度。     

磁悬浮飞轮优化设计与实验

针对在轨磁悬浮飞轮转子系统,考虑发射主动段振动工况,提出一种基于灵敏度分析的多学科优化设计方法。通过比较分析内、外锁紧方案对锁紧状态飞轮转子系统共振频率的影响,得到了较优的抱式外锁紧方案。在此基础上,对飞轮转子进行灵敏度分析,并选择高灵敏度结构参数作为优化设计变量。考虑其结构强度、转动惯量、控制性能、自由状态和锁紧状态一阶共振频率,以飞轮转子质量最小为优化目标,利用序列二次规划法对其进行多学科优化设计。优化结果表明,在满足发射振动工况下,飞轮转子极转动惯量与质量的数值比达到最大为0.0070,比初始值0.0064提高了9.4%。该优化方法提高了飞轮转子设计的可靠性和效率,其首次在轨实验成功对我国磁悬浮飞轮空间应用具有重要意义。     

Optimization Problem in Control over a Programmed Turn of a Spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft reorientation from its initial angular position into a desired final position within a given time interval with a minimum value of the angular moment is considered and solved analytically in this work. It is shown that the control over the spacecraft reorientation, optimal in this sense, might be defined in the class of a regular precession performed by the spacecraft. The moment of the start of deceleration is determined from the principles of the terminal control by using real kinematic parameters of apparatus motion, which increases significantly the accuracy of reorientation. The results of mathematical modeling are presented, showing a high efficiency of the proposed way of reorientation.     

空间太阳能电站的准对日定向姿态

针对空间太阳能电站的俯仰姿态运动,提出一种能追踪太阳运动的准对日定向(QSP)姿态方案。此方案的太阳能电池阵列在万有引力梯度力矩的作用下,始终在垂直于太阳光的方向附近作幅值约为18.8°的振动,且几乎不需要姿态控制力矩。准对日定向姿态方案解决了大型太阳能电池阵列对日定向所需的巨大俯仰姿态控制力矩问题。准对日定向姿态的发电效率为对日定向姿态的97.3%,对Abacus空间太阳能电站而言每年可节省燃料约36791 kg。通过数值方法得到了准对日定向姿态的精确初始条件。随后,设计了比例-微分控制器,保证了系统存在初始姿态误差的条件下收敛到准对日定向姿态。最后研究了轨道、姿态和结构振动对准对日定向姿态的影响,并发现准对日定向姿态下的结构振动幅值比对日定向姿态减小约40倍。     

Pervasive orbital eccentricities dictate the habitability of extrasolar earths

The long-term habitability of Earth-like planets requires low orbital eccentricities. A secular perturbation from a distant stellar companion is a very important mechanism in exciting planetary eccentricities, as many of the extrasolar planetary systems are associated with stellar companions. Although the orbital evolution of an Earth-like planet in a stellar binary system is well understood, the effect of a binary perturbation on a more realistic system containing additional gas-giant planets has been very little studied. Here, we provide analytic criteria confirmed by a large ensemble of numerical integrations that identify the initial orbital parameters leading to eccentric orbits. We show that an extrasolar earth is likely to experience a broad range of orbital evolution dictated by the location of a gas-giant planet, which necessitates more focused studies on the effect of eccentricity on the potential for life.     

由磁矩计算磁场强度的公式在航天器磁矩测量中的应用

基于由磁矩计算磁场强度的反立方公式及其一般工程应用,文章提出将反立方公式与球面作图法结合,形成新球面作图法;并重点给出该方法在航天器磁试验磁矩测量中的应用,即在数据采集时应用球面作图法思路,数据处理时应用反立方公式由磁场强度测量值求磁矩.应用该方法对卫星内部有3个点磁矩情况下的总磁矩进行了仿真计算,结果表明,在测量点数...