熔盐反应法生长Bi—Pb—Sr—Ca—Cu—O系超导单晶

利用烷盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶，这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ）２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％，利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究。     

熔盐反应法生长Bi－Pb－Sr－Ca－Cu－O系超导单晶

利用熔盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶．这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％．利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究．     

H—2火箭的OREX有效载荷

日本Ｈ－２火箭在１９９４年２月４日的首次发射中携带了２个试验性有效载荷：火箭性能评估载荷（ＶＥＰ）和轨道再入试验载荷（ＯＲＥＸ）。ＶＥＰ用于测定Ｈ－２火箭的性能参数，为日本发射第６颗技术试验卫星（ＥＴＳ－６）作准备；ＯＲＥＸ是为日本计划在１９９９年发射的小型不载人航天飞机ＨＯＰＥ，收集再入数据和试验热防护系统。外形酷似飞碟的ＯＲＥＸ重１９００磅（约８６２千克），高１．４６米，外：径为３．４米，由ＮＡＳＤＡ和日本科学技术局国家宇航实验室共同研制。日本计划在ＯＲＥＸ的飞行过程中收集４方面的数据，即收…     

日本H-2火箭首次飞行过程

１９９４年２月４日东京时间７时２０分（格林尼治时间２月３日２２时２０分），日本的Ｈ－２火箭从种子岛空间中心发射升空。Ｈ－２火箭在这次发射中携带了２个试验性有效载荷，即飞行器性能评估有效载荷（ＶＥＰ）和轨道再入试验载荷（ＯＲＥＸ）。这次发射的发射窗口为２个小时，从上午７时开始。火箭垂直起飞后，接着一个程序滚动机动，将俯仰轴改变到８５°。Ｈ－２火箭升空１分２３秒后，在２３英里（约３７千米）高度，火箭的两枚固体火箭助推器（ＳＲＢ）停止燃烧；３秒钟后，爆炸螺栓起爆，使ＳＲＢ与Ｈ－２火箭分离；ＳＲＢ随后溅…     

日环境观测技术卫星搭载用的探测器

日本环境观测技术卫星（ＡＰＥＯＳ－２），是对其地球观测平台技术卫星（ＡＤＥＯＳ）大面积观测技术的进一步发展，作为人类共同关心的地球环境问题，日本拟从弄清全球规模的水、能量循环的机理入手，通过ＡＤＥＯＳ－２卫星获得大量珍贵的地球科学数据。该卫星拟于１９９８年用Ｈ－２火箭发射。为达到上述目标，ＡＤＥＯＳ－２卫星上应该搭载能提供下列数据集的探测器，其中最为核心的探测器有高性能微波扫描辐射计（ＡＭＳＲ）和全球成像器（ＧＬＩ），此外，还搭载其它机构的探测器，如环境厅的改进型大气边缘红外分光计（ＩＬＡＳ－２…     

铌合金表面改性Ti-Cr-Si保护涂层耐热性研究

使用料浆熔烧工艺在Ｃ－１０３铌合金表面制备了Ｔｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｓｉ硅化物保护涂层。利用光学显微镜、Ｘ射线能量色散谱ＥＤＡＳ、ＲＡＸ－１０型衍射仪、ＥＰＭＡ－８７０５ＱＨ２等仪器分析研究了涂层组成、结构和耐热性能之间的关系。结果表明,选择合适的添加元素和基体预处理工艺,能显著提高涂层的高温抗氧化性能。     

日改进H—2火箭以期进入国际发射市场

日本宇宙事业开发团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）已开始全面研制３种改进型Ｈ－２运载火箭，这３种火箭依次称为Ｈ－２Ａ、Ｈ－２Ｂ和Ｈ－２Ｃ。其中，Ｈ－２Ａ与Ｈ－２的运载能力相当，它是与阿里安－４同级的运载火箭；Ｈ－２Ｂ和Ｈ－２Ｃ将使用与ＬＥ－７发动机相似的发动机作为捆绑...     

90年代世界空间舞台的十大明星

１．阿里安火箭（Ａｒｉａｎｅ）欧洲空间局预计要对它的阿里安－５运载火箭投入６７亿美元，以期连续保持阿里安空间公司的优势到２１世纪。２．大低地球轨道卫星系统（ＢｉｇＬＥＯｓ）目前提出了许多用低地球轨道卫星群来实现全球电话通信业务的大胆计划。全球星系统（Ｇｌｏｂａｌｓｔａｒ）、铱系统（Ｉｒｉｄｉｕｍ）和奥德赛（Ｏｄｙｓｓｅｙ）系统已筹集到７４亿美元的资金，用以研制并发射这些系统。３．直接广播电视（ＤＢＴ）在今年晚些时候，美国直播电视公司（ＤｉｒｅｏＴＶ）和美国卫星广播公司（ＵＳＳＢ）将用休斯公司制造…     

一种高灵敏度无水肼气体传感器

采用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｂｌｏｔｇｅｔ（ＬＢ）技术在Ａｌ平面电极上沉积制备了一种有机络合物ＬＢ膜。测试结果说明,这种敏感膜对无水肼（Ｎ２Ｈ４）气体在室温环境下具有很高的探测灵敏度：对无水肼在空气中的探测极限优于５×１０－７,其响应时间和恢复时间均不大于１０ｓ。这种高灵敏度敏感薄膜可用于制备便携式Ｎ２Ｈ４气体监测装置。     

SOI结构材料红外吸收光谱的研究

用ＳＩＭＯＸ（Ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｂｙ　Ｉｍｐｌａｎｔｅｄ　Ｏｘｙｇｅｎ，即氧注入隔离）技术制备ＳＯＩ－ＣＭＯＳ用的ＳＯＩ（Ｓｉｌｉｃｏｎ　ＯｎＩｎｓｕ　ｌａｔｏｒ，即绝缘体上长单晶硅膜）样品；对ＳＯＩ样品红外吸收光谱的分析，从而计算了ＳＯＩ结构材料中ＳｉＯ２埋层的厚度；测试样品不同点的红外吸收光谱，可考察样品ＳｉＯ２埋层厚度的不均匀性，据此，并可分析与之相关的ＳＯＩ样品的质量参数．这种分析方法，是一种无损的检测手段，具有实用价值．     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.