凹腔喷射超声速燃烧火焰结构实验研究

为加深对凹腔喷射超声速燃烧火焰结构的认识,利用OH基自发辐射成像和PLIF技术对凹腔上游横向喷注氢气的超声速燃烧流场进行研究.结果表明,火焰主要分布在凹腔剪切层附近及喷流内部,喷口附近没有火焰;燃料喷注当量比、燃料喷注位置及凹腔构型对火焰分布和火焰强度影响较大,在设计燃烧室时应加以考虑.     

基于支板凹腔结构的超燃燃烧室数值研究

为探究基于支板凹腔结构的超燃燃烧室性能,在超声速来流条件下,采用带中心支板且凹腔长高比为7.5的三维超燃燃烧室模型,针对支板阻塞比、扩张段扩张角、不同燃料喷射方式以及不同燃料当量比对燃烧室相关性能的影响进行了数值研究。研究发现:支板阻塞比会对隔离段内的激波分布以及支板后缘速度分布产生明显影响,而扩张段扩张角会影响超声气流在燃烧室出口的膨胀状态;采用壁面以及中心喷注支板同时喷油方式在保持高燃烧效率的同时会扩大整个燃烧室的燃烧区域;当采用单独壁面喷油方式时,凹腔内静温分布会随着当量比的变化发生相应的改变,同时会在当量比为0.51~0.74时达到相对较高的燃烧效率。     

等离子体助燃下超燃支板燃烧室燃烧特性数值研究

为了将支板喷注器与等离子体射流这两种促进超声速燃烧室燃烧的方式结合起来,设计了一种带有等离子体射流喷孔的支板燃烧室,并在超声速来流的条件下,针对燃料喷注总压、燃料喷注位置、等离子体射流介质、等离子体射流总压对燃烧室燃烧性能的影响进行了三维数值模拟。研究发现:增大燃料的喷注总压,燃烧室的燃烧范围明显增大,燃烧效率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在燃料喷注总压为2.0MPa时,燃烧效率达到最大值90.4%;不同的燃料喷注位置对燃烧室的燃烧范围影响较小;等离子体射流介质为O2时,燃烧效率最高,燃烧范围最广;提高等离子体射流的喷注总压,能够提升凹腔剪切层高度,有效促进燃烧,但同时也带来了更高的总压损失。     

煤油燃料超声速燃烧室火焰面模型应用探究

为了探究煤油燃料超燃流场是否满足火焰面特性,基于双支板超燃燃烧室开展试验与数值模拟研究。燃烧室入口马赫数2,总温1436K,燃料由支板分级喷注。根据燃烧室计算结果与火焰面模型判据可知:在微观上,绝大部分燃烧区的Karlovitz数不超过100,耗散涡不会对火焰结构产生显著影响,可近似满足火焰面要求;在宏观上,燃烧区的Damkohler数远高于局部熄火临界值,湍流强脉动导致的破碎火焰时均化具有层流火焰特性,雷诺时均N-S(RANS)方程结合层流火焰面计算与该特性是相符合的。试验中,不同上游当量比导致燃烧室存在两种稳定的燃烧状态:上游燃烧状态和下游燃烧状态,火焰面模型结合煤油23步反应机理可以准确描述两种燃烧状态的湍流燃烧特性,因此RANS结合火焰面模型在煤油燃料超声速燃烧室数值模拟方面具有一定的适用性和准确性。     

基于气动斜坡/燃气发生器的超燃燃烧室实验

为探索超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中的新的火焰稳定技术,提出了一种新型被动式燃料掺混增强技术—气动斜坡与燃气发生器组合燃料喷注技术,并在北航直联式超燃试验台对这种新型组合喷注器开展了超声速燃烧的试验研究。在模拟飞行马赫数5(燃烧室入口Ma=2),进行了冷流试验,获得了喷注器附近流场的纹影图像。本文设计了4种气动斜坡喷注单元,以乙烯为燃料,在约1kg/s试验气流中开展了多级喷注单元组合的超声速燃烧试验,在当量比0.78～1.22范围内实现了稳定的燃烧,经冲量分析法计算得到不同组合结构的燃烧效率为0.54～0.72。试验结果验证了这种新方案作为超然冲压发动机火焰稳定装置的可行性。     

凹腔/支板结构亚燃冲压燃烧室性能

为了避免基于凹腔火焰稳定器的亚燃冲压燃烧室壁面喷注时燃料与主流空气掺混非均匀性问题和提高燃烧室的性能,提出在亚燃冲压燃烧室中使用支板喷注代替壁面喷注的方案,数值模拟了凹腔/支板结构亚燃冲压燃烧室中燃料分布及流场结构,并分析了支板结构对燃料空气混合及燃烧室性能的影响。研究表明:支板虽然使燃烧室出口的总压恢复系数相对于壁面喷注方式下的降低了63%,但能使燃料均匀分布于整个流道内,增强了燃料与空气掺混,使燃烧室出口的混合效率和燃烧效率分别提高了21.4%和20.5%。燃烧效率的提高弥补了采用支板导致的燃烧室内气流的额外总压损失所带来的机械能损失,使得支板喷注时燃烧室出口的比冲提高了39.6%。因此,在亚燃冲压燃烧室中设置凹腔/支板结构,有利于提高燃烧室整体性能。      

碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机点火技术试验

在超燃冲压发动机直联式试验中,对液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧的点火技术进行了研究,比较了多种点火方式包括氢气引导火焰点火、火炬点火器、固体装药点火器以及电火花塞的点火效果,并成功实现了氢气引导火焰与火炬点火方式下煤油的可靠着火和持续稳定燃烧,煤油当量比范围约为0 87～1 72。在氢气引导火焰点火方式中,通过增加支板和改变氢气喷注位置,可将最小氢气当量比由0 34降为0 068。通过氢气引导火焰点火和火炬点火对比试验表明在相同的燃料喷注方式和当量比下,发动机工况基本与点火方式无关。     

基于气化煤油喷注的RBCC燃烧室亚燃模态燃烧组织研究

针对RBCC发动机亚燃模态进行主动冷却的情况下,煤油发生气化后喷入燃烧室的燃烧组织开展研究。在亚燃模态低来流总温条件下,使用小流量富燃一次火箭高温射流作为引导火焰可以实现支板喷注二次燃料的可靠点火和稳定燃烧,当煤油喷注前加热到气化/超临界态时,燃烧室最高压力相比于室温液态煤油提高约10%左右。当关闭一次火箭后,利用凹腔成功实现火焰稳定,而使用室温液态煤油喷注时,凹腔内无法实现火焰稳定。通过数值模拟获得了不同喷注方案的燃烧室燃烧流场特征和燃烧组织过程,为进一步优化燃烧室的性能提供依据。结果分析表明通过合理布置燃料支板喷注位置,由燃料支板下游集中的燃料热释放使得气流在扩张燃烧室构型中实现"热力壅塞",通过燃料分配实现燃烧室内合理的燃烧释热分布,使RBCC发动机亚燃模态完成高效燃烧组织。     

双支板超燃燃烧室变当量比喷注试验研究

为研究超燃冲压发动机分级喷注的性能特点,基于双支板燃烧室开展变当量比喷注下的燃烧现象、释热规律以及发动机内推力性能试验研究。燃烧室入口马赫数2,总温1436K。煤油流量的调节速率分别为11.97g/s~2和35.90g/s~2。不同当量比调节速率的试验表明,当量比调节速率不影响试验结果。随着上游当量比的减小,上游火焰由充满支板尾部逐渐转变为在剪切层附近分叉。试验中发现,燃烧室存在两种稳定的燃烧状态:上游燃烧状态和下游燃烧状态。上游燃烧状态下,上游当量比相同而下游当量比不同时,燃烧室内推力差别不显著;下游燃烧状态下,增加上游喷注会提高燃烧室性能。上游燃烧状态变化到下游燃烧状态的上游当量比为0.19。在相同总当量比下,上游多分配当量比获得的上游燃烧状态可使内推力增加。     

自点火氢燃料超燃火焰形成与传播过程数值模拟及分析

针对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的燃烧细节,采用数值方法研究了喷注初期不同喷注位置及当量比下超燃燃烧室氢燃料自点火火焰形成与传播过程,结合OH、HO2自由基与温度分布分析了点火燃烧过程的火焰精细流场结构。结果表明：凹腔下游喷孔距凹腔后缘较近时,若喷注压力超过2 MPa,会发生下游火焰通过回流区卷入凹腔的现象;凹腔内喷注会在凹腔剪切层前沿形成稳定反应面,造成反应区分离;喷注压力相同时,上游布置喷孔燃烧室出口氧耗率更高,总压恢复系数降低,而在喷注位置相同时,随喷注压力的升高,燃烧室出口氧耗率提高,总压恢复系数降低;喷注当量比不同会影响火焰的稳定位置与结构,在当量比较低时氢气燃烧主要发生在凹腔、剪切层及燃烧室下游,在当量比较高时则发生在燃烧室下游。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.