大型空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析研究

关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,是保证空间机械臂安全、平稳运行的关键。为全面反映大型空间机械臂关节的动力学特性并从细节之处优化关节设计,利用集中参数法建立了综合考虑轮齿柔性、啮合阻尼、齿侧间隙、啮合误差等非线性因素的细化关节动力学模型。模型中采用一种基于tanh的连续函数对传统分段线性间隙函数进行近似,从而降低了模型的求解难度。研究了各级齿轮精度、关节转速和负载对关节动力学特性的影响。仿真结果表明,三级齿轮的精度变化会影响关节转速波动的振幅并分别影响高、中、低频特性;转速的增加将提高振动频率和幅值;力矩负载的增大会使关节转速波动幅值显著增大,且在满载时,所有的高阶频率都得到明显激励;惯性负载的增大会减小转速波动,并将能量集中在中频上。
     

空间柔性臂的解耦动力学模型及其控制

提出了一种空间柔性结构通过关节电机同时实现轨迹控制和振动抑制的方法。针对单连杆空间柔性臂,采用非约束模态法建立了刚柔解耦动力学模型;提出了基于应变反馈的PID控制策略,并设计了PID／应变反馈复合控制器,同时实现对柔性臂末端运动轨迹的定位控制和弹性振动抑制控制;仿真结果验证了该控制策略的可行性。     

Sensitivity analysis of flexible joint nonholonomic wheeled mobile manipulator in singular configuration

This paper proposes a method for decreasing jerk and increasing Maximum Allowable Load (MAL) of nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Manipulator (WMM) considering flexibility of joints in singular conditions. The full dynamic model of nonholonomic WMM contains simultaneous operation of mobile base and manipulator with joint flexibility (in wheels and manipulator) which is presented here. The problem is formulated in terms of the optimal control which leads to a two point boundary value problem. Then Sobol's sensitivity analysis method is applied to determine the optimal values of flexible joint constants subject to the jerk minimization. To illustrate the proposed method, two categories of conditions are considered: conditions containing non-singular configuration and the singular conditions. An example is explained for non-singular condition of nonholonomic WMM in presence of obstacle in which a complex path is generated but there is no singularity in robot configuration. Some examples of occurring singular configuration in final point and moving boundary condition is also presented. The results show that flexibility of the joints near to singular configuration normalizes the sudden movement and jerk implied to actuators. That is why using a rotational spring with a low stiffness coefficient could be helpful to decrease the high jerk and increase the maximum allowable load in mobile robots.     

月球探测器软着陆机构展开动力学仿真分析

可展开的软着陆机构是月球探测器的重要组成部分。以带间隙的多体系统动力学理论 为基础,针对一型采用四支撑悬臂式软着陆机构的月球探测器在ADAMS中建立了虚拟样机模 型,分别就主着陆腿系统结构柔性,主着陆腿与基体连接间隙,展开驱动力及探测器自旋等 因素对软着陆机构展开过程的影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在机构展开锁定瞬间由于结 构柔性会产生难以衰减的振动,而间隙在一定程度上有利于该振动衰减。展开驱动力越大, 展开越快,锁定激振振幅越大,但由展开进入稳定状态所需总时间可更短。探测器自旋则有 助于机构的展开,但自旋速度较高时对结构振动有明显影响。该结果可为软着陆机构展开方 案的设计提供帮助。
     

空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析的研究进展

空间机械臂的机械部分是一个由关节和臂杆等结构、机构部件组成,在空间零重力环境下运行的多体系统。关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,在机械臂动力学特性中起着重要的作用。准确全面地了解关节的动力学特性,是正确分析与模拟机械臂系统空间运动特性的关键,而建立精确的关节动力学模型,是机械臂系统设计、分析和控制的基础。文章结合空间应用的特殊性,对机械臂关节动力学建模方法的发展过程和研究成果进行了总结;并讨论了关节模型的求解算法;最后,对空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析方面有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

Dynamics and control of an orbiting flexible mobile manipulator

This paper presents a Lagrangian formulation for studying the dynamics and control of the proposed Space Station based Mobile Servicing System (MSS) for a particular case of inplane libration and maneuvers. The simplified case is purposely considered to help focus on the effects of structural and joint flexibility parameters of the MSS on the complex interactions between the station and manipulator dynamics during slewing and translational maneuvers. The response results suggest that under critical combinations of parameters, the system can become unstable. During maneuvers, the deflection of the MSS can become excessive, leading to positioning error of the payload. At the same time the libration error can also be significant. A linear quadratic regulator is designed to control the deflection of the manipulator and maintain the station at its operating configuration.     

载人航天器柔性机械臂的动力学建模方法

空间机械臂在载人航天活动中有着迫切的应用需求。航天器尺寸、质量等因素的限制使得空间机械臂具有大柔性的特点。文章结合空间机械臂应用环境的特殊性,论述了空间柔性机械臂多体动力学和关节的动力学建模方法,分析比较了不同建模方法的特点。为了满足未来空间机械臂在航天器工程应用的要求,文章指出,空间柔性机械臂宜采用混合坐标法描述臂杆刚性运动与柔性变形的耦合;开展关节精细动力学研究,宜将重点放在齿轮传动系统的低速级上。     

Deployable space manipulator commanded by means of visual-based guidance and navigation

On orbit maneuvering of flexible space manipulators requires a special caution. In fact the task of reaching the desired configuration, and at the same time safely preserving the structure integrity and not perturbing the overall spacecraft attitude, is complicated by the extreme flexibility of the structure itself. For studying this problem, an experimental test bed is designed and realized at the Guidance and Navigation Laboratory at La Sapienza, University of Rome. In this paper, visual based techniques are considered as a valid option for the dual purpose of evaluating the control signals and monitoring the flexible behavior of the controlled structure. In fact the joint motors are controlled in order to reach a desired target taking the image of the target as acquired by a mobile camera mounted on the end effector of the manipulator, into account. The Image Based Visual Servoing is introduced together with the simple adaptive algorithm used for processing the acquired images. With respect to a more traditional terrestrial visual servoing, a control system based on a moving camera (a typical configuration in space applications) is particularly sensitive to the flexible vibrations of the arm links. In fact in the closed loop control scheme, an oscillating movement of the camera influences the image processing, which in turn influences control actions. Instability could arise if the flexible dynamics is not separated from the rigid motion. This paper shows that it is possible to evaluate the elastic properties of the complex multibody manipulator (flexibility of the link, elastic behavior of the joints, effects of nonstructural masses) thanks to the analysis of the image acquired.     

多关节轻型机械臂的设计研究

根据现有空间机械臂的结构特点,参照几种轻型机械臂的设计,设计了一种两自由度机械臂运动模块,并根据此模块研制了一台6自由度空间机械臂。运动模块由两个相邻关节轴线正交的关节组成,关节内部没有驱动器。机械臂内有一根高速主轴,为各个串联关节提供动能。机械臂控制系统采用上下位机方式,上位机根据虚拟场景仿真的运动轨迹发出控制指令给关节控制器,下位机根据关节状态表控制离合器组输入关节的能量。为确定机械臂在工作过程中的强度和稳定性,建立了机械臂的有限元模型,分析了其工作态的应力情况和动态特性。仿真结果表明,机械臂在工作态有足够的强度,在抓取的过程中,机械臂固有频率远离激励源的激励频率,无共振现象。通过多关节联动,机械臂可实现多种组合姿态,适用于在轨维修、加注等复杂空间任务。     

考虑在轨运动可靠性的空间机械臂关节力矩优化方法

提出一种考虑在轨运动可靠性的冗余度空间机械臂关节力矩优化方法。首先将机械臂操作空间中点到点的转移任务从笛卡尔空间转换至关节空间,利用七次多项式插值法对各关节变量进行参数化处理,获得粒子群算法的优化控制参数;与传统路径规划方法不同,将机械臂各关节力矩的均值和最小作为粒子群算法优化求解的目标函数;依据该目标函数以及相应优化控制参数,利用粒子群算法对空间机械臂运行轨迹进行优化求解,得到机械臂关节力矩均值和最小的运行路径。仿真实验表明,相比传统路径规划方法及以关节力矩二范数为目标函数的关节力矩优化方法,在降低冗余度空间机械臂关节力矩均值方面,文中方法分别减小了33.57%和10.47%;在降低关节力矩最大值方面,分别减小了43.25%和6.19%。     

Dynamics analysis of space robot manipulator with joint clearance

A computational methodology for analysis of space robot manipulator systems, considering the effects of the clearances in the joint, is presented. The contact dynamics model in joint clearance is established using the nonlinear equivalent spring-damp model and the friction effect is considered using the Coulomb friction model. The space robot system dynamic equation of manipulator with clearance is established. Then the dynamics simulation is presented and the dynamics characteristics of robot manipulator with clearance are analyzed. This work provides a practical method to analyze the dynamics characteristics of space robot manipulator with joint clearance and improves the engineering application. The computational methodology can predict the effects of clearance on space robot manipulator preferably, which is the basis of space robot manipulator design, precision analysis and ground test.     

偏置式冗余空间机械臂逆运动学求解的参数化方法

针对肩、肘、腕均有偏置的空间站遥操作机械臂（SSRMS）型7DOF冗余机械臂,提出了逆运动学求解的关节角参数化及臂型角参数化两种方法。前者根据机械臂的臂型特征,推导以θ1、θ2、θ6、θ7中的一个作为给定参数时其他关节角的表达式,得出8种可能解;后者首先构造与SSRMS型机械臂相对应的零偏置球关节-旋转关节-球关节（SRS）机械臂,然后以臂型角为参数求解SRS机械臂的逆运动学,再根据SSRMS与SRS机械臂的关系,得到SSRMS的8组逆解。仿真算例校验了所提方法的有效性。     

空间机械臂辅助深层采样阻抗控制策略

针对空间机械臂辅助深层采样任务中的建模与控制问题,基于刚体李群SO(3)方法对机械臂进行建模。通过梯形规划对机械臂进行轨迹规划,采用阻抗控制方法控制机械臂运动。推导了李群SO(3)模型下机械臂关节空间与末端笛卡尔空间之间的雅可比矩阵,并且得到了两个空间的相互转换关系。采用锥互补方法计算采样机械臂与复杂接触面的碰撞力,并基于非光滑算法求解锥互补条件与系统动力学方程。通过对比位置控制与阻抗控制,证明了阻抗控制在实际应用过程中能够更加柔顺地控制机械臂与接触面进行接触。通过对控制参数进行调整,探究了不同控制参数对机械臂控制的影响,优化得到了合适的控制参数,从而能控制机械臂辅助完成深层采样的任务。     

带柔性伸杆小卫星振动控制的半物理仿真实验

在空间探测任务中,为了避免卫星平台剩磁对空间待测信息的干扰影响,需采用轻质的伸杆机构支撑各类探测载荷远离卫星本体,而伸杆的弹性振动不可避免地会耦合作用到卫星本体,从而降低卫星本体的姿态控制精度和稳定度。针对此问题,提出了一种基于伸杆最优指令整形结合本体自适应扰动抑制滤波器的复合振动控制策略,即采用指令整形技术抑制柔性伸杆的弹性振动,同时设计自适应扰动抑制滤波器进一步抵消柔性伸杆残余振动对本体的干扰影响,最后在搭建的半物理仿真实验平台上对控制方法进行了实验验证。结果表明：此方法在有效抑制柔性伸杆残余振动的基础上,通过干扰抵消和抑制的控制策略可显著提高此类航天器的姿态控制精度和稳定度。     

一种基于频域分析的柔性空间机械臂振动抑制方法

针对采用两级控制的大型柔性空间机械臂轨迹跟踪与振动抑制问题,文章在对系统频域进行分析的基础上,提出了一种应用滤波的振动抑制方法,即通过降低中央控制器输出信号的频率减少伺服跟踪的动态误差。此方法能够有效提高机械臂末端解析点(POR)的动态跟踪精度,并抑制机械臂振动。文章通过某大型机械臂全柔性系统仿真算例对方法的有效性进行了验证,可为机械臂控制和振动抑制提供借鉴。     

Target berthing and base reorientation of free-floating space robotic system after capturing

Space robots are playing an increasingly important role in on-orbital servicing, including repairing, refueling, or de-orbiting the satellite. The target must be captured and berthed before the servicing task starts. However, the attitude of the base may lean much and needs re-orientating after capturing. In this paper, a method is proposed to berth the target, and re-orientate the base at the same time, using manipulator motion only. Firstly, the system state is formed of the attitude quaternion and joint variables, and the joint paths are parameterized by sinusoidal functions. Then, the trajectory planning is transformed to an optimization problem. The cost function, defined according to the accuracy requirements of system variables, is the function of the parameters to be determined. Finally, we solve the parameters using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Two typical cases of the spacecraft with a 6-DOF manipulator are dynamically simulated, one is that the variation of base attitude is limited; the other is that both the base attitude and the joint rates are constrained. The simulation results verify the presented method.     

不同重力环境下空间机构电机驱动力差异

为了分析空间机构在不同重力环境中的驱动力差异,以单关节机械臂为研究对象,进行不同重力环境下直流电机驱动力差异分析。首先基于拉格朗日方程推导出单关节机械臂的动力学模型,为分析不同重力环境下,负载、摩擦和转速的变化对电机驱动力的影响,通过设计一套基于单关节驱动的机械臂试验装置,进行地面重力环境、地面模拟微重力环境和落塔微重力环境试验。然后基于试验数据详细分析了不同重力环境下空间机构电机驱动电流的差异,并基于试验数据对电机动力学方程中的摩擦参数进行辨识,从而获得基于试验数据修正的机械臂动力学仿真模型,为空间机构动力学设计与应用提供理论与试验依据。     

基于广义Stewart平台的精密跟瞄机构动态各向同性优化设计

设计一个各向同性、高精度、满足给定负载特性的Stewart并联机构,满足精密跟瞄机构的精密指向、振动隔离及抑制性能仍然是比较困难的,而且各向同性标准Stewart并联机构对负载的约束条件极为苛刻.为解决这一问题,提出具有容错特性的一类广义Stewart并联机构,定义动态各向同性概念及指标,考虑负载质量几何特性,推导了动态各向同性描述及条件的解析数学形式.将局部动态各向同性与全域工作空间灵活性好、满足运动能力和无构件干涉等目标相综合,建立了精密跟瞄广义Stewart并联机构的优化设计方法.结果表明广义Stewart并联机构能够放松各向同性时对负载的条件约束,设计方法优化并具有工程应用价值.     

空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学研究

本文对作大范围运动的空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学特性进行了研究，从连续介质力学理论出发，在变形位移中计及了耦合变形量，用Jourdain速度变分原理导出了作大范围运动的空间机械臂的动力学方程，分别用耦合模型和不计耦合变形量的零次近似模型计算了机械臂端点的变形位移，揭示了两种模型的动力学性质的差异。为了确定零次近似模型的适用范围，引入相关系数，仿真计算结果表明，零次近似模型仅适用于相关系灵敏的最大值小于0.1的情况。     

基于多项式插值的自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划粒子群优化算法

针对自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于多项式插值与粒子群优化算法相结合的非完整运动规划方法。首先,通过对系统非完整约束条件进行分析,给出了以机械臂关节角耗散能为目标函数的轨迹最优控制算法;并采用高阶多项式插值方法逼近机械臂关节角轨迹,将插值多项式的系数作为优化参数,结合粒子群优化算法对关节角轨迹进行优化求解。最后,对本文提出的轨迹规划算法进行数值仿真。仿真结果表明关节角轨迹平滑连续,保证了关节角速度及关节角加速度在初始和终止状态均为零,从而验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。