Absorbed doses in October–November 2003 onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station according to the data of radiation control system

The results of radiation control onboard the Service Module of the International Space Station are considered for the period of increased radiation background from 28 to 30 October, 2003. The values of additional irradiation dose caused by strong solar proton events on October 28 and 29, 2003 are obtained. A comparison is made with similar data obtained in the periods of disturbed radiation conditions of fall 2001. The results of estimating the dependence of the absorbed dose on the shield thickness, based on the onboard measurements, are presented. It is established that the daily-averaged dose power onboard the International Space Station increased after the solar proton events of October 2003.     

航天软件过程改进实践

为了改进软件过程,提高软件开发效率,保证软件产品质量,北京航天自动控制研究所在2003年6月启动了基于GJB 5000-2003《军用软件能力成熟度模型》等级2的软件过程改进工作,于2005年9月通过了军用软件能力评价组的评价。本文介绍了北京航天自动控制研究所的软件过程改进实践,阐述了软件过程改进实践中取得的成绩和教训。     

Living in space: scientific, medical and cultural implications. A selection of papers presented at the 14th IAA Humans in Space Symposium

The Humans In Space 2003 symposium, entitled "Living in Space: Scientific, Medical and Cultural Implications," was sponsored by the Canadian Space Agency and held in Banff, Alberta, from May 18-22, 2003. There were 150 papers presented in six theme areas: education, missions, physiology, psychology, radiation, and technology. The 32 papers in this volume are organized into Education/Outreach, Medical Care (Bedrest), Medical Care (Countermeasures), Medical Care, Missions (Mars), Missions (Neurolab), Missions (Historical Lessons), Physiology, Psychology, Radiation, Technology (Human Factors), and Technology.     

Unusually high geomagnetic activity in 2003

In 2003, geomagnetic activity was found to be considerably higher than in any other year of the current solar cycle. This was caused by the time coincidence of large low-latitude coronal holes and a significant burst of the flare and eruptive activity of the Sun. The features of recent intensification of the activity are discussed, and the long-period behavior of indices of the geomagnetic activity in the 23rd and previous cycles is compared. The large magnetic storms in October–November 2003 are analyzed in more detail.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 563–573.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Belov, Gaidash, Ivanov, Kanonidi.     

Midlatitude auroras in the south of Eastern Siberia during strong geomagnetic storms on October 29–31, 2003 and November 20–21, 2003

Preliminary results of optical observations of midlatitude auroras at the Geophysical observatory of ISTP SD RAS in the south of Eastern Siberia (52°N, 103°E) during two strong magnetic storms on October 29–31, 2003 and November 20–21, 2003 are analyzed. The results of observations are compared to similar data on midlatitude auroras observed at the geophysical observatory in previous years. The recorded maximum intensities of atmospheric emissions and accompanying solar and geophysical conditions make it possible to conclude that the analyzed midlatitude auroras in their optical manifestation can be considered as extreme events observed at midlatitudes.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 616–621.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Mikhalev, Beletsky, Kostyleva, Chernigovskaya.     

Solar and Heliospheric Phenomena in October–November 2003: Causes and Effects

We present new observational data on the phenomena of extremely high activity on the Sun and in the heliosphere that took place in October–November 2003. A large variety of solar and heliospheric parameters give evidence that the interval under consideration is unique over the entire observation time. Based on these data, comparing them with similar situations in the past and using available theoretical concepts, we discuss possible cause-and-effect connections between the processes observed. The paper includes the first results and conclusions derived by the collaboration Solar Extreme Events-2003 organized in Russia for detailed investigations of these events. As a result of our consideration, it is beyond question that the physical causes of solar and heliospheric phenomena in October–November 2003 are not exclusively local and do not belong only to the active regions and solar atmosphere above them. The energy reservoirs and driving forces of these processes have a more global nature. In general, they are hidden from an observer, since ultimately their sources lie in the subphotospheric layers of the Sun, where changes that are fast and difficult to predict can sometimes take place (and indeed they do). Solar flares can serve as sufficiently good tracers of these sudden changes and reconstructions on the Sun, although one can still find other diagnostic indicators among the parameters of magnetic fields, motions of matter, and emission characteristics.     

基于Solid-Works的齿轮参数化设计

由于Solid-Works2003及以前版本的软件,其标准件图库中没有绘制各种齿轮的功能,本文介绍了在Solid-Works中实现参数化齿轮三维造型的一种方法,应用此方法可以在Solid-Works环境下完成齿轮的参数化三维绘制.     

浅议工程量清单计价的实施对审计工作的影响

2003年7月开始实施的《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》具有一些新特点，使建设工程造价的编制方法发生了变化，这些变化必然会对审计工作产生影响。     

基于Solid-Works的齿轮参数化设计

由于Solid-Works2003及以前版本的软件,其标准件图库中没有绘制各种齿轮的功能,本文介绍了在Solid-Works中实现参数化齿轮三维造型的一种方法,应用此方法可以在Solid-Works环境下完成齿轮的参数化三维绘制。     

Progress in multilateral Earth observation cooperation: CEOS, IGOS and the ad hoc Group on Earth Observations

The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) coordinates international civil space-borne missions designed to observe and study planet Earth. With over 100 Earth observation satellites expected to be launched during the next 10 years, it is clear that collaborative opportunities have not been fully maximized. In 2003 CEOS has been focusing on articulating a more comprehensive satellite data utilization approach and in following up on its significant involvement in the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The CEOS Chair also serves as Co-Chair of the Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) Partnership, which seeks to reduce observation gaps and unnecessary overlaps and to harmonize and integrate common interests of space-based and in situ systems. IGOS focused in 2003 on development of a number of themes, including Carbon Cycle, Water Cycle and GeoHazards. The IGOS Ocean Theme is now in its implementation phase. NOAA, while chairing CEOS and co-chairing IGOS, has also been actively involved in organizing and hosting a ministerial-level Earth Observation Summit with a follow-on Group on Earth Observations (GEO) charged with developing the framework for a comprehensive global Earth observation system(s). All these activities demonstrate the commitment to developing more coherent and sustained Earth observation strategies for the good of the planet.     

原子氧对航天器表面的剥蚀效应及其预报研究

文章论述了一个航天器表面原子氧通量和遭遇量预报模式的建立,并对影响航天器表面原子氧遭遇量的主要因素进行了讨论。最后用模式计算了2003～2006年间太阳同步轨道卫星表面原子氧遭遇量的情况。     

俄罗斯Fregat上面级

介绍了俄罗斯Fregat上面级的基本功能、组成和主要技术指标。给出了其几何布置、贮箱可承力、独立性与自主性、液-固耦合及大幅晃动和多次起动等特点与关键技术等。给出了2003年欧空局火星探测项目、2005年欧空局金星探测项目和中俄联合火星探测项目等典型应用。     

…a better model of cooperation? The Brazilian–Ukrainian agreement on launching Cyclone-4 from Alcantara

In an effort to kick-start commercial launches from Brazil's Alcantara Launch Center and to give Ukraine's Cyclone-4 rocket a favorable site from which to operate, Brazil and Ukraine signed an agreement in October 2003. This report explains the background to the establishment of the treaty and discusses its provisions, goals and the expected means of achieving them. It also highlights those areas of Brazilian legislation that will need to be altered to accommodate treaty commitments.     

Space agencies and the UN system: the Space Agency Forum (SAF) 10th Plenary

The Space Agency Forum (SAF) met for its 10th plenary meeting in Bremen on 30 September 2003. Its motto was “Space Agencies and the UN System”. Following various presentations on relevant issues, including the UN Space Applications Programme and the follow-up of UNISPACE III, SAF members discussed their participation in these fields. The meeting resulted in a number of inputs to these issue areas and coordinated approaches vis-à-vis policy questions.     

Changes in the Earth’s ozonosphere due to ionization of high-latitude atmosphere by solar protons in October, 2003

Using the data of the Russian KORONAS-F satellite and American GOES spacecraft on solar cosmic ray fluxes associated with powerful events which occurred on the Sun at the end of October - the beginning of November, 2003, calculations of ionization of high-latitude (70° N) atmosphere were carried out. The calculations have shown that the maximum values of ionization for the chosen latitude lie in the range of 50–70 km. The largest ionization was caused by the flare on November 28, 2003. Based on a numerical photochemical simulation it is shown that, as a result of intensification of catalytic cycles with participation of ozone-destroying NO and OH, the concentration of ozone decreased by 30% at ionization maximum altitudes.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 653–662.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Krivolutsky, Kuminov, Vyushkova, Kuznetsov, Myagkova.     

Space in the UK: something to celebrate?

This article discusses current UK space activities that were debated during the ‘policy’ day of a 3-day ‘Festival of Space’ held at Surrey University in July 2003. While the emphasis is on using space to fulfil the needs of society, it is apparent that crafting a coherent strategy that would provide the political support needed to do this—in Europe as well as in the UK—remains difficult.     

MArs Neutron Energy Spectrometer (MANES): an instrument for the Mars 2003 Lander

We describe the instrument design and detector development for MANES which has been selected to fly on the Mars 2003 Lander. Section 1 explains the need for the spectrometer in determining the increased risk of carcinogenesis for astronauts. Section 2 presents the instrument design including an outline drawing, a cross-sectional view and a detailed block diagram. Sections 3 and 4 describe the low and high energy detector components of the spectrometer and present responses to monoenergetic neutron beams. Sections 5 and 6 explain the design approaches to charged particle discrimination and instrument transfer function modeling.     

Rosetta: The ESA comet rendezvous mission

Rosetta was selected in November 1993 for the ESA Cornerstone 3 mission, to be launched in 2003, dedicated to the exploration of the small bodies of the solar system (asteroids and comets). Following this selection, the Rosetta mission and its spacecraft have been completely reviewed: this paper presents the studies performed the proposed mission and the resulting spacecraft design.

Three mission opportunities have been identified in 2003–2004, allowing rendezvous with a comet. From a single Ariane 5 launch, the transfer to the comet orbit will be supported by planetary gravity assists (two from Earth, one from Venus or Mars); during the transfer sequence, two asteroid fly-bys will occur, allowing first mission science phases. The comet rendezvous will occur 8–9 years after launch; Rosetta will orbit around the comet and the main science mission phase will take place up to the comet perihelion (1–2 years duration).

The spacecraft design is driven (i) by the communication scenario with the Earth and its equipment, (ii) by the autonomy requirements for the long cruise phases which are not supported by the ground stations, (iii) by the solar cells solar array for the electrical power supply and (iv) by the navigation scenario and sensors for cruise, target approach and rendezvous phases. These requirements will be developed and the satellite design will be presented.     

Current US remote sensing policies: opportunities and challenges

This article examines recent progress in US land remote sensing policies by reviewing the evolution of policy on commercial imaging satellites from 1992 to the present and charting developments in the Landsat programme. Key features of the new (2003) commercial remote sensing policy are described, which go far in addressing the ambiguities of the earlier (PDD-23) framework that, in practice, hampered development of a commercial industry. In the case of Landsat, problems, particularly those of assured data provision, remain. The key to solving them lies in integrating civil, military and commercial elements more coherently, rather than considering them in isolation.     

Geosynchronous magnetopause crossings on October 29–31, 2003

During the period October 29–31, 2003, geosynchronous magnetopause crossings (GMC) have been identified based on the magnetic data of the GOES series spacecraft and plasma data of the LANL series spacecraft. It is shown that most of the time the size of the dayside magnetosphere was highly decreased under the effect of very high pressure associated with high velocities and densities of the solar wind plasma, as well as high negative values of the B_z component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). For tens of hours the subsolar magnetopause was deep inside the geosynchronous orbit. During the main phase and at the maximum of the strong geomagnetic storms that occurred in the period under consideration, the dayside magnetosphere was characterized by a strong dawn-dusk asymmetry, so that its size in the postnoon sector considerably exceeded the size in the pre-noon sector. The geomagnetic disturbances in the morning on October 30 and 31, 2003 were accompanied by global magnetospheric pulsations with periods of 5–10 min and high amplitude (up to 0.8 R_E).Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 574–584.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Dmitriev, Suvorova.