爆轰驱动膨胀管性能研究

超高速流动一般指速度超过5 km/s的流动,由于流动具有高焓高速的特点,模拟超高速流动的地面试验设备面临极大挑战。膨胀管(风洞)是少数几种具备超高速流动模拟能力的地面试验设备之一。中国科学院力学研究所高温气体动力学国家重点实验室(LHD)通过将正向爆轰驱动技术和膨胀管结合在一起,建成了可实现最高速度10 km/s超高速试验气流的爆轰驱动膨胀管(JF-16),并开展了典型模型试验。在此基础上对JF-16进行了改造升级工作,为其设计喷管增加了膨胀风洞运行模式,对其性能进行了相关试验测试研究。同时,对膨胀管相关数值方法进行了介绍,并开展数值模拟对试验状态进行辅助诊断和分析。     

高超声速球模型尾迹电子密度试验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速所弹道靶上利用电子密度测量系统进行了高超声速钢球模型、铜球模型尾迹电子密度测量。电子密度测量系统由8mm微波干涉仪系统、开式微波谐振腔测量系统和闭式微波谐振腔测量系统组成。钢球模型直径φ10mm,速度分别为5．8、5．5、5．6和5．5km／s,对应的飞行环境压力分别为2．79、5．32、5．85和10．91kPa。铜球模型直径φ10mm,速度分别为5．6、5．6、5．7和5．5km／s,对应的飞行环境压力分别为1．33、4．79、5．89和10．91kPa。结果表明：（1）在压力5．3～11kPa范围内、速度约5．5km／s试验条件下,压力越高,钢球模型的尾迹电子密度相应增大,电子密度的衰减速度较快;（2）在压力1．3～6kPa范围内、速度约5．6km／s试验条件下,压力越高,铜球模型的尾迹电子密度相应增大,电子密度的衰减速度较慢;（3）在压力约10．7kPa、速度5．5km／s试验条件下,铜球模型的尾迹电子密度衰减速度比钢球模型慢得多。     

辐射加热设备的开发及运用

介绍了中国航天空气动力技术研究院辐射加热设备的开发及运用情况.设备包括0-150 kW的石英灯加热器,试验舱,真空系统以及控制系统.在辐射加热设备上对低密度隔热材料在不同低压下的隔热性能进行了研究,所用模型横截面积为100 mmx100 mm,最长运行时间2000 s,低密度隔热材料的表面温度高达1000 K,试验舱最低压力为10 Pa.     

某微型车车外气动噪声仿真分析

对某微型车气动噪声进行了数值仿真分析。首先,采用大涡模拟（LES）对车外的瞬态外流场进行了仿真分析,然后,应用Lighthill-Curle声类比理论,采用FW-H声学模型,预测了其声学特性。根据流场和声学模拟结果,改进后视镜局部造型来降低气动噪声,最后进行了道路实验,测试了60km/h-120km/h整车噪声,测试结果表明,整车噪声有了明显降低,且最大降低了1.2dB(A)。     

微型客车后视镜气动噪声仿真分析与控制

采用大涡模拟(LES)对某微型客车的瞬态外流场进行仿真分析,应用Lighthill-Curle声类比理论,采用FW-H声学模型,预测其车外气动噪声特性.对后视镜局部造型进行优化改进.最后进行了实车道路实验,测试了60～120 km/h整车噪声,测试结果表明,通过改进后视镜的造型整车噪声有了明显降低,且最大降幅为1.2 dB.      

A numerical optimization of high altitude testing facility for wind tunnel experiments

High altitude test facilities are required to test the high area ratio nozzles operating at the upper stages of rocket in the nozzle full flow conditions.It is typically achieved by creating the ambient pressure equal or less than the nozzle exit pressure.On average,air/GN2is used as active gas for ejector system that is stored in the high pressure cylinders.The wind tunnel facilities are used for conducting aerodynamic simulation experiments at/under various flow velocities and operating conditions.However,constructing both of these facilities require more laboratory space and expensive instruments.Because of this demerit,a novel scheme is implemented for conducting wind tunnel experiments by using the existing infrastructure available in the high altitude testing(HAT)facility.This article presents the details about the methods implemented for suitably modifying the sub-scale HAT facility to conduct wind tunnel experiments.Hence,the design of nozzle for required area ratio A/A*,realization of test section and the optimized configuration are focused in the present analysis.Specific insights into various rocket models including high thrust cryogenic engines and their holding mechanisms to conduct wind tunnel experiments in the HAT facility are analyzed.A detailed CFD analysis is done to propose this conversion without affecting the existing functional requirements of the HAT facility.     

Effects of polarization and resolution on SAR ATR

Lincoln Laboratory is investigating the detection and classification of stationary ground targets using high resolution, fully polarimetric, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. A study is summarized in which data collected by the Lincoln Laboratory 33 GHz SAR were used to perform a comprehensive comparison of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance for several polarization/resolution combinations. The Lincoln Laboratory baseline ATR algorithm suite was used, and was optimized for each polarization/resolution case. Both the HH polarization alone and the optimal combination of HH, HV, and VV were evaluated; the resolutions evaluated were 1 ft/spl times/1 ft and 1 m/spl times/1 m. The data set used for this study contained approximately 74 km/sup 2/ of clutter (56 km/sup 2/ of mixed clutter plus 18 km/sup 2/ of highly cultural clutter) and 136 tactical target images (divided equally between tanks and howitzers).     

混凝土房屋结构靶的超高速撞击特性研究

为了研究动能武器对混凝土类目标的毁伤效果,采用试验和数值仿真手段,对钨合金弹丸超高速撞击混凝土房屋结构靶进行了研究,探讨了混凝土房屋结构靶在超高速撞击条件下的毁伤特点。试验所用的钨合金弹丸重35g,长径比为5,撞击速度2．5km/s;混凝土房屋结构靶抗压强度34．4MPa。研究发现：在开展的试验条件下,房屋结构靶顶层板和底层板被穿透,未发生解体破坏;靶体中加筋对靶体的穿孔大小及结构破坏没有明显的降低作用;速度2．5km/s的弹丸经撞击40mm厚混凝土板后的速度降到2．0～2．3km/s 范围内;弹丸超高速撞击混凝土房屋结构顶层板形成的碎片云速度较高,部分碎片对人员具有较强的杀伤效果,该部分碎片的扩张角为23＆#176;,在底层板上的分布范围大于穿孔大小。     

抗1000km／h高速气流吹袭的保护头盔及氧气面罩的研制

全面地论述了为实现1000km/h高速弹射时对头脸部的防护,采用国产现役保护头盔和氧气面罩经过结构改进、水下强度试验以及火箭滑车考核试验获得成功的研制过程。着重论述了结构改进要点;水下试剑地,拖车速度的计算方法和试验结果讨论,以及1000km/h火箭滑车试验中出现的现象分析等。     

Projectile Detection of Luminous and Nonluminous Bodies

In a large hyperballistics range, detection of projectiles atstations becomes more complex. Range length permits variation of projectile luminosity and requires greater area for detection. A technique has been devised, using electrooptics, triggering instrumented stations with luminous or nonluminous projectiles. The phototube circuit response, effect of velocity, and effect of light screen thickness on performance are discussed. Data on performance are presented for velocities of 10 000 to 21 000 feet per second. Performance is predicted for velocities of 40 000 and 60 000 feet per second. Nonluminous models as small as 3/16-inch diameter spheres have been detected at a velocity of 21 000 feet per second.     

涡扇发动机高空台惯性起动的试验

某型大流量涡扇发动机在高空台完成了飞行高度为5,8,10km的惯性起动.高空台试验结果表明:惯性起动过程中模拟的进气和排气压力存在着较明显的波动,偏离真实工况;利用不同的计算方法分析惯性起动数据,得到的飞行表速相差25~70km/h.以试验分析结果为基础,推荐了一种高空台惯性起动试验性能的评估方法,即成功起动以推杆时刻为起点3s内的平均值作为试验模拟飞行状态,起动失败以转速反转为起点到转速再次下降之间的平均值作为试验模拟飞行状态.      

Differential GPS/inertial navigation approach/landing flight testresults

In November 1990, a differential GPS/inertial flight test was conducted to acquire a system performance database and demonstrate automatic landing using an integrated differential GPS/INS with barometric and radar altimeters. Flight test results obtained from postflight data analysis are presented. These results include characteristics of DGPS/inertial error, using a laser tracker as a reference. In addition, data are provided on the magnitude of the differential correlations and vertical channel performance with and without radar altimeter augmentation. Flight test results show one sigma DGPS/inertial horizontal errors of 9 ft and one sigma DGPS inertial vertical errors of 15 ft. Without selective availability effects, the differential corrections are less than 10 ft and are dominated by receiver unique errors over the time period of an approach. Therefore, the one sigma performance of the autonomous GPS (8-ft horizontal and 20-ft vertical) is very similar to the DGPS/inertial performance. Postprocessed results also demonstrate significant improvements in vertical channel performance when GPS/inertial is aided with radar altimeter along with a low-resolution terrain map     

航空发动机在高空台上的H0/Ma0试验分析

分析了发动机高空台H0/Ma0试验时,高空舱压力与标准大气压力不一致的产生原因,以及由于发动机排气引射作用与高空舱内冷却流动造成的环境压力低于标准大气海平面静止空气压力对发动机H0/Ma0试验结果的影响机理。在此基础上,提出了环境压力差异对发动机H0/Ma0试验结果影响的研究方案,并用两型发动机在不同试车台上进行了H0/Ma0试验与研究性试验。结果表明,70 kPa压力环境、0.99~1.02冲压比的高空台H0/Ma0试验的换算结果,与标准大气海平面静止条件下的试验结果基本一致。     

吸气式高超声速技术研究进展

总结了中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)在吸气式高超声速技术在试验设备、超燃冲压发动机、数值模拟以及机体/推进一体化飞行器等方面的研究进展。介绍了三种类型的高焓设备:脉冲式燃烧加热风洞、连续式燃烧加热风洞和电弧风洞。通过多种尺度的超燃冲压发动机的直连式和自由射流式试验,获得了发动机的基本性能及其随油气比、喷孔位置等的变化规律。对比连续式和脉冲式风洞试验结果,得知工作时间大于100 ms的脉冲式燃烧设备是开展发动机基本性能研究的经济、高效试验手段。成功研制了三维大规模并行数值模拟软件平台AHL3D并广泛应用于发动机研究。在0.6 m风洞中,完成了1.5 m带动力飞行器试验,获得了发动机工作和不工作状态下的飞行器推阻及升力特性。     

200m自由飞弹道靶升级改造

200m自由飞弹道靶是国内唯一一座具备开展气动力、气动物理、材料抗粒子云侵蚀及超高速碰撞等地面试验研究的综合性弹道靶设备。为满足高超声速飞行器发展的进一步需求,2009年起气动中心对200m 自由飞弹道靶进行了升级改造,升级设备包括发射器系统、靶室/真空系统、测控系统、模型姿态测量系统等。改造后的发射器系统将新增203mm和120mm口径二级轻气炮,具备0．5～30kg模型发射速度0．3～5km/s 的发射能力;靶室由原来的Ф1．5m洞体升级至Ф3m洞体,同时配备新的真空设备,实现0～80km高度模拟;测控系统将扩大测试视场以满足大模型测控需要;模型姿态测量系统除阴/纹影照相系统外,还将新增双目前光成像定位系统、脉冲X射线成像测量系统等测试设备。改造后的200m自由飞弹道靶将成为大中小口径发射器配套齐全,兼具气动力特性、材料抗粒子云侵蚀、高速/超高速碰撞等试验能力的综合性弹道靶设备。     

钢球对肥皂靶的撞击试验

为研究投射物对生物体的致伤效应,采用肥皂作为生物体模拟物,开展了Φ3．0mm 的钢球高速（0．96和1．88km/s）及超高速（3．52和4．98km/s）撞击肥皂靶的试验,获得了肥皂靶在钢球撞击下的损伤特征及其破坏规律。结果表明：高速试验条件下,钢球对肥皂靶的损伤主要表现为贯穿效果;超高速试验条件下,钢球撞击肥皂靶形成大尺寸半球形弹坑,其对肥皂靶的损伤表现为2个方面：一是大尺寸弹坑导致的“体积移除”,二是受超高速撞击的强烈冲击波影响,肥皂靶的破坏区域大于弹坑区域。     

羽流效应地面模拟试验系统关键技术发展

叙述了羽流效应地面模拟试验系统由高空模拟试车台向真空试验系统发展的过程,指出引射原理的局限性和低温冷凝技术的适用性.介绍了应用低温冷凝技术建成的美国CHAFF-4(the collaborative high altitude flow facility-Ⅳ)系统和德国STG(Simulationsanlage für Treibstrahlenin G?ttingen)系统及中国首座大型羽流效应地面模拟试验系统——PES(the plume effects experimental system)系统.采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo )方法对PES设备的内置式液氦深冷泵的抽气能力进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明无论有无羽流吸附泵时,2g/s级发动机点火时,内置式液氦深冷泵都能满足发动机出口截面后 ? 4m×5m范围内的背压小于10-3 Pa,羽流吸附泵能有效地阻止压缩波向喷管方向推进.      

The AWIATOR airborne LIDAR turbulence sensor

The development and first flight tests are described of a short pulse direct measuring UV LIDAR for the measurement of gusts, turbulence and potentially wake vortices. The results of these stage 1 tests confirm that relative wind velocities can be measured with a standard deviation of below 10 m/s even at high altitudes with no appreciable aerosol concentrations. Operating the system under various flight conditions including rain, dense clouds, and clear air up to 24,000 ft was highly successful. Means to push the standard deviation below 1.6 m/s, foremost by increasing the laser output power and the efficiency of the light collecting system, are identified and quantified. Questions of instrument stability are addressed.     

Low Velocity Collisions and the Growth of Planetesimals

The physics of low velocity collisions (5 m/s to 40 m/s) between basalt bodies ranging in size from 1 m to 10 km is studied in an effort to investigate the early phases of planetesimal accretions. To assess the importance of the internal structure of planetesimals on the outcome of the collisions, we model them either as solid spheres or as rubble piles with a filling factor of 0.5. The collisions are simulated using a three dimensional Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code that incorporates the combined effects of material strength and a brittle fragmentation model. This approach allows the determination not only of the mass of the largest fragments surviving the collisions but also their dynamical characteristics. We find that low velocity collisions are for equal incoming kinetic energy per gram of target material considerably more efficient in destroying and dispersing bodies than their high velocity counterparts. Furthermore, planetesimals modeled as rubble piles are found to be characterized by a disruption threshold about 5 times smaller than solid bodies. Both results are a consequence of a more efficient momentum transfer between projectile and fragments in collisions involving bodies of comparable sizes. Size and shape dependent gas drag is shown to provide relative collision velocities between similar meter-sized objects well in excess of the critical disruption threshold of either rubble piles or solid bodies. Unless accretion can proceed avoiding collisions between bodies of similar masses, the relative weakness of bodies in this size range creates a serious bottleneck for planetesimal growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fractionation of SI, NE, and MG Isotopes in the Solar Wind as Measured by Soho/Celias/MTOF

Using the high-resolution mass spectrometer CELIAS/MTOF on board SOHO we have measured the solar wind isotope abundance ratios of Si, Ne, and Mg and their variations in different solar wind regimes with bulk velocities ranging from 330 km/s to 650 km/s. Data indicate a small systematic depletion of the heavier isotopes in the slow solar wind on the order of (1.4±1.3)% per amu (2σ-error) compared to their abundances in the fast solar wind from coronal holes. These variations in the solar wind isotopic composition represent a pure mass-dependent effect because the different isotopes of an element pass the inner corona with the same charge state distribution. The influence of particle mass on the acceleration of minor solar wind ions is discussed in the context of theoretical models and recent optical observations with other SOHO instruments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.